tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9500089371275545572024-02-08T12:28:28.257-08:00Graduate school essayevmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.comBlogger203125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-22336355790639110452020-08-27T01:54:00.001-07:002020-08-27T01:54:08.224-07:00Registered Nurses Essay -- Careers JobsEnrolled Nurse (RN) ââ¬Å"Registered attendants treat patients and help forestall ailment, instruct patients and the general population about different ailments and medical problems, and give exhortation and enthusiastic help to patientsââ¬â¢ relatives both truly and mentally.â⬠(Registered). It is significant for the individual going into this occupation to look out the advantages and disadvantages of the various regions of nursing. Some of the time sex has an influence in picking the particular region of a RN. For example, the quality of guys is required in zones of exercise based recuperation. While the delicate traits of ladies are required being taken care of by babies. ââ¬Å"A nurture must like individuals and need to support them, and should likewise have independence and decision making ability, persistence, genuineness, duty, and capacity to work effectively with others.â⬠(Jacobi). The control of an enrolled nurture incorporates numerous points of interest, for example, being able to help your family in clinical requirements, the pay is appealing or more the normal scale, and it extends to extraordinary employment opportunity security. The main favorable position of being an enlisted nurture is you have the incredible capacity to help your family in clinical necessities. Whatever happens to a relative, youââ¬â¢ll realize what to do immediately in pretty much any case. There could be where someone could get an opportunity of dieing immediately, you would have that capacity to spare their life. RNs are truly proficient and have decent instruction on the best way to carry on with a solid life that they could impart to their family and have a decent, sound way of life. Enlisted medical attendants know the sorts of nourishments to eat that are basic to your body that could help extend your life and live more. In this quick glue world that we live in where quick nourishments are in copious and are cert... ...r occupations where one can dress beautician and feast at fine eateries and ascend the professional bureaucracy, there couldn't be an increasingly noteworthy and fulfilling vocation that an individual could provide for their locale and their general public. Works Cited ââ¬Å"Become a Registered Nurse (RN).â⬠AllNursing Schools-Your Guide to Nursing Education and Careers. 2002-2008. Top pick Directories. 12 Feb 2008 http://www.allnursingschools.com/faqs/be_m.php. Jacobi, Eileen. ââ¬Å"Nursing.â⬠The World Book Encyclopedia. 14 ed. 1978. ââ¬Å"Registered Nurse (RN) and Nursing Careers, Jobs, and Employment Information.â⬠Career Overview. 2004. Vocation Overview. 12 Feb 2008 http://www.careeroverview.com/nurture careers.html. ââ¬Å"REGISTERED NURSES AND NURSE PRACTITIONERS.â⬠Labor Market Information. 2002. Business Development Department. 12 Feb 2008 http://www.calmis.cahwnet.gov./record/occguide/NURSEREG. HTM. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-87291909329047757832020-08-22T10:15:00.001-07:002020-08-22T10:15:37.344-07:00Feminism: A Fight for Human Rights Essay -- Argumentative PersuasiveDynamic This exposition investigates the idea of women's liberation as a human right instead of simply a battle of American ladies to accomplish equivalent chance and pay rates in the corporate world. Without precluding the significance from claiming such accomplishments, the aspect of women's liberation that is investigated generally is the capacity for ladies around the globe to be treated as human. Not exclusively are ladies denied rights, for example, the chance to be taught or to procure cash to take care of their youngsters, besides they are viewed as property and subject to mishandle. The focal idea depicted in this paper is that as ladies ascend the stepping stool in the battle to dispose of unreasonable impediments in the corporate world, we should not leave immense numbers at the base, despite everything attempting to be viewed as human. The exposition investigates compositions on women?s issues from sources including the Bible, Virginia Woolf, and Bell Hooks empowering perceptions from assorted occasions and societies to be investigated. Regularly our general public is unaware of what's going on in different nations or considerably different neighborhoods, this paper is an update. Woman's rights: A Human Right Women's liberation, as thought by numerous Americans, isn't only a development to make elevated level employments in the corporate world and equivalent pay rates for ladies, in spite of the fact that that segment must not be dismissed. Ladies around the globe are being treated as lower class residents if residents by any stretch of the imagination. Meena was a lady conceived in Kabul who was killed in 1987 for her work with the Revolutionary Association of the Women of Afghanistan, otherwise called RAWA. Meena and different individuals from RAWA battled for the option to win cash to take care of their kids, the privilege of proficiency and information, the option to leave their homes without consent from their significant other, not to mention the apparatus... ...Http://www.amnestyusa.ort/news/2002/kenya03082002.html>. Marder, Herbert. Woman's rights and Art. Chicago: U of Chicago P., 1968. Meena. ?I?ll Never Return.? Payam-e-Zan, Issue No. 1. 1981. RAWA. 20 Oct. 2002 <http://rawa.false.net/ill.htm>. ?Nigeria, Death by Stoning Upheld on account of Nigerian Woman Amina Lawal.? Absolution International U.S.A. 20 Aug. 2002. Reprieve International. 15 Oct. 2002 <http://www.amnestyusa.ort/news/2002/nigeria0802002.html>. ?Pakistan, Tribal Councils Must Stop Taking Law Into Their Own Hands.? Absolution International U.S.A. 5 July 2002. Reprieve International. 15 Oct. 2002 <http://www.amnestyusa.org/news/2002/pakistan07052002.html>. Woolf, Virginia. A Room of One?s Own. New York: Harcourt, Brace and World, Inc., 1929. Yoder, John Howard. The Politics of Jesus. second ed. Amazing Rapids: Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing Co., 1994. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-20960478466300064052020-08-21T07:57:00.001-07:002020-08-21T07:57:21.125-07:00College Essay Topics - Finding the Best Topics for Your SchoolCollege Essay Topics - Finding the Best Topics for Your SchoolAs college students, you may be inundated with college essay topics for you to consider. Since so many different types of writers are included in this term, it can be quite confusing and stressful to choose a topic to write about that is appropriate for your studies.Many students feel the pressure of having to write essay topics every semester, but there are some students who find the idea daunting and uninteresting. It is essential that you are able to focus on your academic studies and do not let the writer's block effect your ability to write. Although some students experience a difficulty writing when they are under pressure, this does not mean that you should ignore this problem.One of the most important factors in choosing the correct topic for your college essay is your sense of how much you know about the subject. A good way to start your research into your topic is to ask around among your friends and family membe rs. Find out what they know about the topic. It will help you to decide whether or not you need to learn more about a particular topic.Once you have determined your skill level in writing, you should start searching for college essay topics based on your level of expertise. It is possible to become familiar with a wide variety of topics before going to college. Through this process, you will become more knowledgeable and familiar with various writing styles and skills. The more you write, the better you will become at writing essays.Many people choose essay topics based on what interests them the most. Other students opt to write about their favorite past time or hobby. Most students are interested in writing about subjects they know something about. In some cases, students prefer to write about subjects that they enjoy writing about; however, this does not always apply to all students.If youfeel that you do not have enough time to research different college essay topics, then you m ay want to talk to an advisor about getting advice from someone else. Many administrators and instructors are more than willing to share their expertise with students. They can often provide useful insights into the topics that are most important to the student. You may want to contact your instructors to see if they have any insights into topics that may interest you.If you find yourself unable to find the appropriate college essay topics, it may be worth your while to hire an essay writing service. There are many essay writing services available, but you may want to check the reputation of each writer that you are considering. Although there are many other students at your school, the writing process is completely unique to each student.Writing essay can be quite tedious and frustrating. It is not something that anyone can prepare for or has the innate ability to produce well. However, if you work at it, and follow the tips above, you will be able to create a high quality essay in no time at all. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-63740120456954448582020-05-25T04:11:00.001-07:002020-05-25T04:11:05.044-07:00Othello Characters Bring About Their Own Demise. Essay As in almost all tragedies, especially those of William Shakespeare, the tragic hero always runs into misfortune. The play Othello is no exception. In this play, every character acquainted with the tragic hero appears to be unfortunate. While these misfortunes are oddly related to Othello, are they his fault or did each character attract them out of their own actions? To answer this daunting question, one must consider the three most unfortunate characters: Othello, Desdamona and Roderigo and analyse their downfall which eventually lead to their deaths. It is known from reading the play that Iago is the one who manipulates all three of them. Examinations of their connection with him before their deaths are necessary to answer thisâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦This is an accusation which is utterly fraudulent but believed to be accurate by Iago when he says, It is thought abroad that twixt my sheets / He has done my office (I, iii, ll.369Ãâ"370). This supposed action of Othello is another provocation and reason for his downfall. The third and chief action of Othello applies not only to the tragic hero, but almost every other character in the play. Othellos tendency to trust Iago ultimately leads to his downfall more so than any other cause. If he hadnt trusted Iago, or had merely been sceptical of Iagos information or intent, the outcome would have been outrageously different. Before speaking with Iago about Desdamona and her supposed infidelity to her husband, Othello was happy and trusted and loved Desdamona. Upon planting a seed of doubt in Othellos mind, Iago was able to manipulated Othello and the other characters to frame Desdamonas affair with Cassio. If Othello hadnt been such a poor judge of character and even investigated a minute amount into the matter instead of sending Iago to do it, he would have caught Iago for the villain he was. Of course, Iago was confident from the moment the play started that Othello would trust him to the end of the earth , so Othello was fair game for deceit and coercion. Desdamona is another pawn in Iagos plan to ruin Othellos life. Her independent nature is a quality that leads to indirect manipulation from Iago. SheShow MoreRelatedCharacter Analysis : Othello 1255 Words à |à 6 PagesPavle Burazor Ms. Ã
kiljeviÃâ¡ ENG3U1 06-Jan-2015 Character Flaws in Othello The play Othello bears great similarity to that of the Greek myth of Sisyphus, the king of Ephyra; where Sisyphus was sentenced to forever push a boulder up a hill. This makes resemblances the climb to a climax and the fall, with three main characters, each pushing a boulder up a hill; Othello one of trust, Iago one of manipulation and Roderigo pushing one of foolishness. When they finally reach the top of the hill it beginsRead MoreOthello Character Analysis1555 Words à |à 7 Pagesweakness lies in his linguistic capabilities, the very same capabilities Othello uses to win over Desdemona, and to defend himself during his trial in front of the duke. In Smithââ¬â¢s reading, Othello only reverts to his barbarian state when experiencing extreme pressure, as he lacks the other means to express the futility of what is felt, which results in violence. However, when a closer look is taken at what Othello knows about the culture he has tried to hard to assimilate to, it can be seen that Othelloââ¬â¢sRead MoreThe Downfall of Othello1545 Words à |à 7 PagesThe Downfall of Othello Othello, written by William Shakespeare, is the perfect example of a romantic tragedy in which events involving the themes of jealousy, greed, revenge, and appearance versus reality bring the play to its tragic end. The play begins with an argument between Iago and Roderigo. This conflict gives the reader a glimpse of what is to come. Shakespeare uses the technique of foreshadowing to help the reader predict the misfortunes that will befall the characters in the play. Read MoreOthello, The Moor Of Venice Essay860 Words à |à 4 Pagesthat the hero possesses. In Shakespeareââ¬â¢s tragedy Othello, the Moor of Venice (rpt. In Thomas R. Arp and Greg Johnson, Perrineââ¬â¢s Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense, 10th ed. [Boston: Wadsworth, 2009], 1273-1366), there are several contributing factors in the tragic outcome of the play. Iago, the primary antagonist, targets Othello in various ways to obtain revenge and this contributes to the demise of beloved characters. Althoug h Iago and Othello contribute heavily to the final result of the tragedy:Read MoreJealousy in Shakespeareà ´s Othello Essay886 Words à |à 4 Pagesfrom identifying the truth. Shakespeare heavily emphasizes this theme throughout the drama Othello, especially through the actions of characters. In the play the heinous antagonist, Iago, uses each characterââ¬â¢s jealousy to deceive that person and manipulate the truth. His false promises and deceitfulness bring to the demise of many of the main characters in the play, including the protagonist, Othello. Othello could not have been deceived if it were not for his powerful jealousy. Therefore, ShakespeareRead MoreEssay Seduction through Words1106 Words à |à 5 Pages People say that actions are louder than words. However, the art of persuasion are mostly about the usage of language; how words affect actions that follows it. What Machiavelli suggested is what every politician today does; use words in whichever manner to get to ones goal, but do not fall for flattery. Politicians and people alike have been able to talk their way into peace, treaties, and other negotiations. On current terms, its a diplomatic advice. How George Bush got the United StatesRead MoreOthello - Theme - Lack of Self-Awareness Essay1194 Words à |à 5 Pagestheme and its development through the play: * In Othello, characters not only deceive others, but deceive themselves. They lack self-awareness in that they fail to see or acknowledge their own flaws and weaknesses, and they never see themselves as completely as others perceive them. The truth is likely to destroy either their contentment or their perceptions of themselves * This theme is mainly developed through the major characters of the play. They all employ this unconscious, protectiveRead MoreOthellos Flaws804 Words à |à 4 Pagesgenerally prefers characters that have flaws and qualities that are more humanlike. As said by Nicholas Cage, ââ¬Å"I like flawed characters because somewhere in them I see more of the truthâ⬠. This statement holds much truth as flaws illustrate who the character really is and what their true intentions are. Therefore, characters with imperfections are more likely to have more of an appeal to the public. Many stories, such as Othello by the famous playwright William Shakespeare, have characters that may seemRead MoreOthello, By William Shakespeare1134 Words à |à 5 PagesIn Shakespeareââ¬â¢s play Othello, there is love, jealousy, death and of course, a tragic hero. A tragic hero is one who experiences an inner struggle due to some flaw within his/her character; that struggle results in the fall of a hero . According to Aristotle, ââ¬Å"A tragic hero is a character who is not eminently good and just, yet whose misfortune is brought about not by vice and depravity, but by some error or frailtyâ⬠¦Ã¢â¬ (Aristotle, Poetics). Othello is an intricate play that dwells into the privateRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Othello And Glaspell s Trifles995 Words à |à 4 Pageswriters have brought womenââ¬â¢s struggle under male dominance to light. Shakespeareââ¬â¢s Othello and Glaspellââ¬â¢s Trifles bring great female characters to the stage that share similarities. Both Glaspell and Shakespeare follow the same theme, while using both foreshadowing and irony to illustrate that Desdemona, Emilia, Bianca, Mrs. Wright, Mrs. Peters, and Mrs. Hale live under similar oppressive conditions. Both authors write about Patriarchal dominance. Shakespeare reveals his theme through Biancaââ¬â¢s relationship evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-18783477072134801702020-05-14T11:05:00.001-07:002020-05-14T11:05:04.109-07:00Touro College Admissions Test Scores, Financial Aid... evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-13348308105702110022020-05-06T15:07:00.001-07:002020-05-06T15:07:36.302-07:00Analytical Failure Of Iraq During Persian Gulf War Analytical Failure of Iraq in Persian Gulf War Affiliation Studentââ¬â¢s Name Introduction Failures analysis is the process of gathering data and information in order to find the cause of failure especially when the goal had been set. Analytical failure of war, on the other hand, is failures by decision making bodies to make appropriate decision which will lead to victory. This failures occurs when military and political leaders come up with war strategies which when implemented leads to failures or losses. War analytical failures are always attributed to lack of sufficient intelligence information about the opponents, failure to predict possible long term consequences, having misleading information, poor leadership and overreliance on weapons without knowing their weakness. In contrast, however, military disaster can befall some territories, irrespective well informed their generals are, because of weakness in their abilities. Super powerful countries may also face the same problem because their leaders may misperceive on coming warnings and threats or make poor calculations in the way they respond to possible catastrophic dangers1. Strategic intelligence is essential in making the most appropriate decisions when it comes to defense policies. There should be proper gathering, analysis and appreciations of pertinent and factual data. In most intelligence failures, problems always starts with collection of data from the ground by professionals who then analysesShow MoreRelatedOperation Iraqi Freedom And Operational Design1939 Words à |à 8 Pagesand his team of planners perceived that the original contingency plan developed in the event of war with Iraq deemed OPLAN 1003-98 needed updating. ââ¬Å"It was, Rumsfeld declared, the product of old thinking and the embodiment of everything that was wrong with the military.â⬠This plan based on lessons learned from the 1991 Gulf War projected the need for almost 400,000 troops to execute another war with Iraq. Rumsfeldââ¬â¢s guidance not only was to trim the numb ers but to also establish a new paradigm. EvenRead MoreGender Neutral Ground Combat Arms Roles7352 Words à |à 30 PagesProfoundly influenced by two post-9/11 protracted wars that highlighted the expanded role of women in combat, civilian leaders have opted to pursue a gender neutral military apparently on the grounds that integrating women in direct ground combat arms roles is both essential and prudent. Central to the rhetoric is that women are not only qualified, but that they bring a wealth of diverse talents that they should be able to apply across all disciplines within the Armed Forces and in turn, be affordedRead MoreSocial Power of the News Media12127 Words à |à 49 Pagesreport about the Gulf War, for instance, presupposes at least some knowledge about the geography of the Middle East, as well as general knowledge about wars, international politics, earlier historical events, and so on. This means that a lack of education may seriously limit 14 Political Communication in Action news understanding, as is shown by much empirical research. In other words, powerlessness may involve limited (passive) access to massmediated discourse due to a failure (fully) to understandRead MoreNational Security Outline Essay40741 Words à |à 163 Pages The Laws of War and Neutrality 24 CHAPTER 7: War Crimes and Nuremberg Principle 28 CHAPTER 12: Nuclear Weapons: Deployment, Targeting and Deterrence 33 CHAPTER 13: Arms Control in the Nuclear Age 36 Chapter 14: Measures to Reduce Tensions and Prevent War 41 CHAPTER 16: The Law of the Sea 43 CHAPTER 17: The Constitutional Framework for the Division of Natââ¬â¢l Security Powers Between Congress, the President and the Court 48 The 1973 War Powers Resolution 49 II. The War Powers Resolution:Read MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words à |à 656 Pages Agricultural and Pastoral Societies in Ancient and Classical History Jack Metzgar, Striking Steel: Solidarity Remembered Janis Appier, Policing Women: The Sexual Politics of Law Enforcement and the LAPD Allen Hunter, ed., Rethinking the Cold War Eric Foner, ed., The New American History. Revised and Expanded Edition E SSAYS ON _ T WENTIETH- C ENTURY H ISTORY Edited by Michael Adas for the American Historical Association TEMPLE UNIVERSITY PRESS PHILADELPHIA TempleRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words à |à 1617 Pages168 How Creative Are You ? 169 Innovative Attitude Scale 171 Creative Style Assessment 172 SKILL LEARNING 174 Problem Solving, Creativity, and Innovation 174 Steps in Analytical Problem Solving 174 Defining the Problem 174 Generating Alternatives 176 Evaluating Alternatives 176 Implementing the Solution 177 Limitations of the Analytical Problem-Solving Model 178 Impediments to Creative Problem Solving 178 Multiple Approaches to Creativity 179 Conceptual Blocks 183 Percy Spencerââ¬â¢s Magnetron 185 Spence evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-47423370593176680152020-05-05T16:41:00.001-07:002020-05-05T16:41:22.277-07:00Technology and Their Impact on Relationships free essay sample It allows family members, lovers, and friends to have instant contact through voice, text messages and email and allows for spontaneous planning of impromptu meetings and activities. According to Bittman, M et al (2008, p 648) ââ¬Å"the mobile phone significantly increases peopleââ¬â¢s capacity to maintain intimacy at a distance and over the course of the dayâ⬠¦ This capacity for perpetual contact gives rise to new forms of intimacy, such as forming, deepening and dissolving relationships via SMS messages and enhancing the ability to be communicatively present while being physically absent. It allows parents to check on their children and for children to be able to contact their parents. The Internet has also allowed people to form online relationships with ââ¬Ëvirtualââ¬â¢ friends. ââ¬Å"A major research study published in December 2008 on the use of digital technologies by adults from 16 industrialised nations suggests that ââ¬Å"on average [they] spend a third of their leisure time online, belong to two social networking sites and have regular contact with 16 people who they have ââ¬Ëvirtuallyââ¬â¢ met on the internetâ⬠(TNS 2008, 2 as cited in Harrison, R, 2009, p. We will write a custom essay sample on Technology and Their Impact on Relationships or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 10). These kinds of relationships while may seem harmless have had negative effects; people cheating on partners with people they have met online and teenagers becoming obsessed with Social Networking Sites, constantly checking and updating their ââ¬Ëstatusââ¬â¢ and messages. Social movements have been affected in regards to it becoming easier to organise protests through the use of mobile phones and Internet to promote awareness of a cause and issues that affect society and the world. Itââ¬â¢s faster, cheaper and easier and you can reach a wider audience with the use of social networking sites. People also have the chance to interact, have their say and join in on debates. ââ¬ËAt their core, social movements are about group formation, and suddenly the tools exist to make it much easier to bring people togetherââ¬â¢ (Brecher, J, Costello, T, Smith, B, 2009) The internet has also become more simpler and easier to use, allowing people who would never before have gone online to access social networking sites and form or join groups. The web is no longer the exclusive dominion of the young and highly educated, and as this trend continues it will allow social movements to cheaply and easily reach out to increasingly diverse constituencies. ââ¬â¢ (Brecher, J Costello, T, Smith, B, 2009) The negative side of technologyââ¬â¢s impact on social movements is that you loose the face-to-face contact that can impact on a more lasting personal level and group formi ng and sharing of knowledge can be great but misinformation can lead to the spreading of false rumours, anonymous slander and racism. Technology has had a big impact on education. Mobile phones with their ability to access the internet has made it a great way to look up information, wireless internet and faster connections have made working and learning on computers at home much more convenient and easier. More and more schools, TAFEââ¬â¢s and Universities are offering courses online making it possible for people to merge home life, work life and study more conveniently. It also allows people access to study that live in remote areas or overseas. As mobile phones become more sophisticated and inexpensive, students can read and email documents, do research on the Internet and manage their assignments all from their mobile phones. Teachers can send pod casts and hyperlinks within a document to encourage students to read further on topics that might interest them. Accessing books with mobile technology is becoming more readily available to, there is no need to go to the bookstore when you can download books to your phone. The negative aspect of having all this information available is that the amount of information can be very overwhelming and that anyone can put information on the Internet and it may not always be correct. It is important to always verify information and itââ¬â¢s source. Mobile phones and the technology behind them have become a very big part of modern day life, most people own one and use it, whether it is for simple phone calls and text messaging or for use as a more complex multimedia device, it has impacted on the way we do everyday things. Even though mobile phones and technology have some negative aspects on a whole they have had a positive influence and have changed society for the better. We are more connected, can express our feeling more easily, can join groups with people that have the same interests and have instant access to information and education from our home computers, laptops or mobile phones. Reference list Bittman, M, Brown, J, Wajcman, J, ADJ 2009, ââ¬ËThe cell phone, constant connection and time scarcity in Australiaââ¬â¢ evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-80235409545097466542020-04-07T10:38:00.001-07:002020-04-07T10:38:03.166-07:00What Are the Effects of Eating Fast Food Essay ExampleWhat Are the Effects of Eating Fast Food Essay Introduction Americans have begun to eat more fast food because the way in which it is marketed; itââ¬â¢s cheap, convenient, finger-food, and it tastes good. Eating is one of the pleasures of life, although it can be bad for your health when eating fast foods, which are high in saturated fats, refined sugars, calories, and sodium that lead to obesity and diabetes. What are the effects of eating fast food and the impact it has on a personââ¬â¢s health? The Meaning of Fast Food Fast food is the term given for too many items that can be prepared and served quickly. http://www. healthandage. org/Home/gm=20! gid2=2662). Fast food is the food that supplied quickly after ordering, and by minimal service. However, the best way to distinguish fast food is to use formal characteristics: Time required ââ¬â those who eat fast food do not want to spend a lot of time selecting and eating, and if necessary will eating or walking, on the bus, park bench, or at work. The variety of foods and beverages is usually very limited. Fast food frequently does not come with knives and forks, making it ââ¬Å"finger food. When silverware, cups and plates are necessary, they are disposable. The modern history of fast food in America began on July 7, 1912 with the opening of a fast food restaurant called the Automat in New York. The Automat was a cafeteria with its prepared foods behind small glass windows and coin-operated slots. Joseph Horn and Frank Hardart had already opened an Automat in Philadelphia, but their ââ¬Å"Automatâ⬠at Broadway and 13th Street, in New York City, created a sensation and numerous Automat restaurants were quickly built around the country to deal with the demand. We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Effects of Eating Fast Food specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Effects of Eating Fast Food specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What Are the Effects of Eating Fast Food specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Automats remained extremely popular throughout the 1920s and 1930s. The company also popularized the notion of ââ¬Å"take-outâ⬠food, with their slogan ââ¬Å"Less work for Motherâ⬠. The American company White Castle is generally credited with opening the second fast-food outlet in Topeka, Kansas in 1921, and selling hamburgers for five cents apiece (http://www. tqnyc. org/NYC074355/fastfood. html). When fast food companies first open, they generally introduced one size. For example, one size French fries when McDonalds first opened, called fries. That size fries is now called small. Medium, large, and super size. That original size is about 200 calories, but the super size is going pack in over 600 calories (Super Size Me. Morgan Spurlock. Morgan Spurlock. Roadside Attractions, Samuel Goldwyn Films, Showtime Independent Films, 2004). Fast Food Linked To Obesity and Diabetes Every day, nearly one-third of U. S. children aged 4 to 19 eat fast food, which likely packs on about six extra pounds per child per year and increases the risk of obesity (http://www. cbsnews. om/stories/2004/01/05/health/main591325. shtml). People who eat fast food frequently are more likely to gain weight and develop insulin resistance, and such eating habits may increase the risk of obesity. For example: Individuals who ate fast food more than twice a week gained an extra 10 pounds and had a twofold greater increase in insulin resistance than people who ate less than once a week at one of these establishments (http://news. healingwell. com/index. php? p=news1id=523168). Diabetes now is the second most major cause to death after smoking. Usually, adults at 40 years old have diabetes because of been overweight. But now children from 10, 11, 12 years old likely to has diabetes because they eat too much fast food so diabetesââ¬â¢s risk increased (http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2001/04/21/eveningnews/main287029. shtml). Today, the popular fast food is extremely high in fat. For example: A Big Mac, Super Size fries and a large Coke at McDonalds now contains 1500 calories, about 40 percent of those from fat (http://www. cbsnews. com/stories/2001/04/21/eveningnews/main287029. shtml). According to the Fragala family, Karen Fragala, who lives in Queens, New York, is taking her daughter Gabriella, son Joey, and nephew Gary to the drive thru. On the menu today? Chicken McNugget and a Sprite please. The Fragalas have been going to McDonalds three times a week, until recently. Says Karen Fragala, We went to the doctor in December and then went for a re-check in March and he said she gained 9 pounds. Six-year-old Gabrielles 9-pound weight gain in just 4 months convinced Karen Fragala that is was time to stop eating French fries (http://www. bsnews. com/stories /2001/04/21/eveningnews/main287029. shtml). You see that. A 6 years old girl gained 9-pound in just 4 months. Also in New York two teenage girls one is 14 years old 4ââ¬â¢ 10ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢, and weight 170 pounds, and the other 19 years old, 5ââ¬â¢ 6ââ¬â¢Ã¢â¬â¢, and weight 270 pounds. It is unbelievable, but it is reality (Super Size Me. Morgan Spurlock. Morgan Spurlock. Roadside Attractions, Samuel Goldwyn Films, Showtime Independent Films, 2004). Finally, eating a lot of fast food every day, and not get enough exercise will cause you to become obese and diabetic. Fast Food Not Nutritious Fast food is not a healthy food because contains too many calories, sodium, too much saturated fat, and refined sugar. It does not have any vitamins or minerals. For example: A Double Whopper with Cheese (Hamburger) has 1010 calories, 67g fat, 47g Carbs, 55g protein (http://shapefit. com/burg erking. html). A Salad With Oil And Vinegar Dressing has 93 calories, 5g fat, 10g carbs, 2g protein (http://www. thedailyplate. com/ nutrition-calories/food/olive-garden/salad). Lets compare these two kinds of foods. Which one is nutritious? Of course, the Salad With Oil And Vinegar Dressing is most nutritional food because it does not has too much calories or fat. However, all those calories you need to burn it all. Otherwise, those calories will turn into fat and stay in side your body, and soon you will become obese. While most people think that salads serving from fast food restaurants are healthy, nutritious choices, but in truth may be wrong. For example: Wendyââ¬â¢s Chicken BLT Salad has 680 calories, 410 calories from fat, 13g saturated fat, 125mg cholesterol, 1480mg sodium, 37g ttl. arbs, 4g fiber, and 37g protein (http://www. swedish. org/16475. cfm). This kind of salad still is not nutrition. However, there are some salad that is healthy, but fast food restaurants they always selling salad with fat- and sodium-lots of items, such as fried chicken, creamy full fat dressings, sour cream, and lots of cheese, bacon, nuts, fried croutons, and taco chips or shells. Those items are making the salad becomes unhealt hy food. Fast Food Brings Lots of Illness to Our Life Fast foods cause many illnesses to us such as: Hypertension, Coronary Heart Disease, Stroke, Gall Bladder Disease, Osteoarthritis, Sleep Apnea, Respiratory problems, Endometrial Cancer, Breast Cancer, Prostate cancer, Colon Cancer, Dyslipidemia, Steatohepatitis, Insulin Resistance, Asthma, Hyperuricemia, Reproductive Ovarian Syndrome, Impaired Fertility, and Adult onset Diabetes. For example: According to the video that called ââ¬Å" Super Size Meâ⬠this movie is about Morgan Spurlock who ate only fast food for 30 days straight. As the result, his body gained 24. lbs, fat liver, cholesterol 253, 7 percent more body fat, double heart disease, double heart failure, depressed and exhausted, mood swings, sex life is nonexistent. Opposing Arguments Many people eat fast food every day or at least 3 times a week because they love fast food and it tastes good. But not many people know how bad fast food is. They just keep eating fast food to fill up their stomach. Most people go out to eat fast food as a meal because they donââ¬â¢t have time to make a healthy meal at home or they have to take- care their kids. It is a good idea to eat out at McDonald because itââ¬â¢s save time and save money, too. So, why do they have to spend a lot of time to make a good meal at home? Also, people can buy a hamburger with only one dollar that saves a lot of money. Also McDonald and Burger King give out free toys. Free Toys kids would really like it. McDonald had playground for kids, too that really great for kids to play as hard as they want. So the kids and their parent visit fast food restaurant more often. Many people eat fast food for few years before, but nothing happen to them. So, they think that fast food is good. It is a healthy food, so they just keep eating fast food all the time. But No! This is wrong. Donââ¬â¢t ever think that fast food is a healthy food because fast foods have too many calories and fat that is lead to obesity. Fast foods taste good. But not only tasted good, fast food also affect badly to your health. For example: as the result show that, in the French fried from Burger King and McDonald; it contains about 100 times the maximum allowable limit of acrylamide. The chemical compound acrylamide (acrylic amide) has the chemical formula C3H5NO. Its IUPAC name is 2-propenamide. It is a white crystalline solid that has no scent; mix in water, ethanol, ether and chlorofor. Scientists in Sweden accidentally discovered Acrylamide in foods in April 2002 when they found large amounts of the chemical in starchy foods, such as potato chips, French fries and bread that had been heated (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Acrylami de). Another example: French fried is not the only food that contain bad, unhealthy chemical for body. Epidemiologists found that evidence pointed to the ground beef as the problem taco ingredient. A strain of Escherichia coli (E. coli), which can cause people to suffer bloody diarrhea and renal problems, occurs in the manure of some healthy cattle. E. coli can be killed by cooking ground meat to at least 160? F (http://www. sciencedaily. c om/releases/2004/06/040615075550. htm). However, fast food is unhealthy food because it has too much fat from chess, refined sugar, and many others. So stop eating fast food to stay healthy. Also try to keep your kids away from McDonald or other restaurants and spend some time to cook a healthy meal, and play with your kids, so they might forget about the ââ¬Å"playgroundâ⬠. Therefore, your kids will be healthy. Conclusion In conclusion, the problem of obesity not only quickly spreads out the United States; it also causes peopleââ¬â¢s health to become injurious. Obesity is the second major that cause people to death, after smoking. People should focus high attention on the problem of obesity. Obesity needs to be treated as national problem, not an individual problem. People should learn to how several nutrients work their bodies. Some prevention activities indicate that fast food is very dangerous, and it cause people at risk of death from different kinds of diseases. Some suggestion can help people to change their bad eating habits and perceive more knowledge of nutritional theory. Now is the time for people to improve their bodies better by choosing their healthy foods. The healthy foods like: limiting gravy and sauces, garden salad, honey BBQ chicken sandwich, Skinless chicken breast without breading, and many others. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-86604995290292500952020-03-09T04:13:00.001-07:002020-03-09T04:13:03.075-07:00Drop Down List Inside a DBGridDrop Down List Inside a DBGrid Heres how to place a drop-down pick list into a DBGrid. Create visually more attractive user interfaces for editing lookup fields inside a DBGrid - using the PickList property of a DBGrid column. Now, that you know what areà lookup fields, and what are the options of displaying a lookup field in Delphis DBGrid, its time to see how to use the PickList property of a DGBrid column to enable a user to pick a value for a lookup field from a drop-down list box. A Quick Info on DBGrid Columns Property A DBGrid control has a Columns property - a collection of TColumn objects representing all of the columns in a grid control. Columns can be set at design time through the Columns editor, or programmatically at runtime. Youll usually add Columns to a DBGird when you want to define how a column appears, how the data in the column is displayed and to access the properties, events, and methods of TDBGridColumns at runtime. A customized grid enables you to configure multiple columns to present different views of the same dataset (different column orders, different field choices, and different column colors and fonts, for example). Now, each Column in a grid is linked to a field from a dataset displayed in the grid. Whats more, each column has a PickList property. The PickList property lists values that the user can select for the columns linked field value. Filling the PickList What you will learn here is how to fill that String List with values from another dataset at run time.Recall, that we are editing the Articles table and that a Subject field can only accept values from the Subjects table: the ideal situation for the PickList! Heres how to set up the PickList property. First, we add a call to the SetupGridPickList procedure in the Forms OnCreate event handler. procedure TForm1.FormCreate(Sender: TObject);begin SetupGridPickList(Subject, SELECT Name FROM Subjects);end; The easiest way to create the SetupGridPickList procedure is to go to the private part of the form declaration, add the declaration there and hit the CTRL SHIFT C key combination - Delphisà code completionà will do the rest: ...type TForm1 class(TForm)... privateprocedure SetupGridPickList( const FieldName : string; const sql : string); public... Note: the SetupGridPickList procedure takes two parameters. The first parameter, FieldName, is the name of the field we want to act like a lookup field; the second parameter, SQL, is the SQL expression we use to populate the PickList with possible values - in general, the SQL expression should return a dataset with only one field. Heres how the SetupGridPickList looks like: procedure TForm1.SetupGridPickList(const FieldName, sql: string);var slPickList:TStringList; Query : TADOQuery; i : integer;begin slPickList:TStringList.Create; Query : TADOQuery.Create(self); try Query.Connection : ADOConnection1; Query.SQL.Text : sql; Query.Open; //Fill the string listwhile not Query.EOF dobegin slPickList.Add(Query.Fields[0].AsString); Query.Next; end; //while //place the list it the correct columnfor i:0 to DBGrid1.Columns.Count-1 do if DBGrid1.Columns[i].FieldName FieldName thenbegin DBGrid1.Columns[i].PickList:slPickList; Break; end; finally slPickList.Free; Query.Free; end; end; (*SetupGridPickList*) Thats it. Now, when you click the Subject column (to enter into edit mode). Note 1: by default, the drop-down list displays 7 values. You can change the length of this list by setting the DropDownRows property. Note 2: nothing stops you from filling up the PickList from a list of values not coming from a database table. If, for example, you have a field that only accepts weekday names (Monday, ..., Sunday) you can build a hard-coded PickList. Uh, I need to click the PickList 4 times... Note that when you want to edit the field displaying a drop-down list, youll need to click the cell 4 times in order to actually pick a value from a list. The next code snippet, added to the DBGrids OnCellClick event handler, mimics a hit to the F2 key followed by Alt DownArrow. procedure TForm1.DBGrid1CellClick(Column: TColumn);begin//Making the drop-down pick list appear fasterif Column.PickList.Count 0 thenbegin keybd_event(VK_F2,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_F2,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); keybd_event(VK_MENU,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_DOWN,0,0,0); keybd_event(VK_DOWN,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); keybd_event(VK_MENU,0,KEYEVENTF_KEYUP,0); end;end; evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-33080874316064020972020-02-21T18:37:00.001-08:002020-02-21T18:37:02.605-08:00Describe The Here and Now Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1Describe The Here and Now - Essay Example The piece has buoyant rhythms with unpredictable sense of emotions released by the lyrical sentences at the start, as well as at the end of each stanza. The highlighted poem is meditative with emotional moments that give anxiety in the entire poem. It uses heterophony as a way of presenting the message to the intended audience. The sonority and sensibility in unfolding the ideas and concepts in the poem make it interesting and memorable. The lyrics in the piece are metaphysical and touch on things that we cannot touch or even imagine, this makes it elusive and emotional. The here and now shows Theofanidisââ¬â¢ mastery of the orchestra and his strong sense for both drama and melody. The harmonized choral parts allow the lyrics to come out in a clear way. They are made clearer by the shorter sentences adapted by Theofanidis in his poetry piece. The whole piece is viscerally evocative, dramatic, presentational, pretentious as well as intended for meditation. It has been crafted to incorporate neo-romantic qualities similar to that of Shakespeare. The whole piece is quite informative and incorporates all the elements of a comprehensive dramatic poem. With the continuous improvement in the different genres, the poem needs to be all inclusive to accommodate all groups of audience including, the evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-86261051190605182892020-02-05T11:39:00.001-08:002020-02-05T11:39:03.417-08:00Relation between periodontal disease and diabetics Research PaperRelation between periodontal disease and diabetics - Research Paper Example The said article being reviewed here sought to find causal relationships between two chronic diseases which are diabetes and the two main periodontal diseases, which are gingivitis and periodontitis. The first pertains to a non-destructive inflammation of the gum tissues and is a very common form of periodontal disease while periodontitis is a severe form of the periodontal disease. Both forms are inflammation types of periodontal disease (itis is a medical suffix which means inflammation). Dr. Mealey had sought to find a link between periodontal diseases and the other very common affliction of most Americans, which is diabetes. Incidentally, diabetes affects approximately twenty million Americans, of whom some 35%-40% are not aware that they have diabetes (these figures translate to about 9% of the total adult American population). The main difficulty encountered in most of the medical research studies on diabetes and periodontal diseases is that the relationship between these two ailments is bi-directional. In other words, one disease affects the other disease in a circular sort of way. In this article, the two periodontal diseases (gingivitis and periodontitis) were found to have a marked influence on the pathogenesis of diabetes and the numerous complications arising from diabetes. But on the other hand, diabetes was also found to have an impact as risk factor on the two periodontal diseases. Possible Bias ââ¬â after reviewing this article, one possible bias is the authors emphasis on diabetes as the causative factor in the prevalence, severity and extent for both gingivitis and periodontitis but as the author himself stated in his conclusions, the studies he had reviewed were all merely suggestive of this causal link. Numerous studies failed to conclusively find the direct link between diabetes and the two chronic inflammation periodontal diseases because the studies done previously failed to eliminate certain factors or confounders that evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-65893579912295511712020-01-28T08:02:00.001-08:002020-01-28T08:02:07.966-08:00Relationship Between Sport Participation And Academic Achievement Psychology EssayRelationship Between Sport Participation And Academic Achievement Psychology Essay Introduction This research is to identify if there any relationship between sport participation and academic achievement. In additions from thus study also it will show whether sport participation among student may affect their academic or not. The review of literature for this investigation focuses on three primary areas of concern. The research questions are: Is there any difference in academic performance between students who are participate in sport and student who are not participate in sport. Is there any difference in term of academic performance between male and female students athletes. To examine what are the benefits that students athletes get by participating in sport The first area represents the differences of academic performances between student who are participate in sport and student who are not participate in sport, which researcher want to investigate. The second part is to represent is focusing on the differences in academic performance between genders and as well toward on the benefit of participated in sport for academic achievement. Comparison between student that participated in sport and student not participated in sport. As we know, nowadays, a lot of student that involve in sport often make them hard to maintain their result but they can score during the examination (Shuman Michael, 2009). Besides, a lot of student success in their academic are usually active in sport, it will show if there are any differences between student that participated in sport and student that not participated in sport in their academic achievement (Shuman Michael, 2009). One of the first organizations who are concern to the question of the academic performance of student-athletes was the Carnegie Foundation. In its Twenty-Second Annual Report, published in 1927, the commission gave a detailed review of studies that had been complete about the relationship of athletics to scholastic attainment ( Twenty-Second Annual Report, 1927). According to sport participation and academic performance; proof from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2002) gives positive association between sports participation and academic performance. Besides that, based on Eccles, Barber, Stone, Hunt (2003), studies show that participation in athletic activities is to encourage a wide range of social, physical, and intellectual skills, which leading better in classroom performance. In fact there is fair quantity of proof to support this claim. As noted above, high school athletes on average perform better academically than non-athletes Solt, D.F. (1986). Moreover, Hindma has found that in the Colleges of Arts, Engineering, and Agriculture, the quarter grade point averages for athletes were higher. The average grade point average for non-athletes was 2.153 and 2.168 for athletes. In following these same students through the next four years, Hindman found that the degree attainment for athletes was better in every college and in total 37.2 percent of the athletes attained degrees compared to only 21.5 percent of non-athletes. Other than that, Eaton and Smith (1941) used the percentile grade ratings made on the American Council on Education Psychological Examination as an indication of aptitude and compared this with grade point average as an indication of achievement. Athletes were higher than compared with non-athletes. As been stated above, indicated that students who were involved in sport perform better in academic than those who were not. Besides, there are also possibility that those students who are involved in more sport are generally motivated than those who do not participate in sport. Furthermore, the majority of studies from the past, show those students involved in sport excel in the classroom. This also can be agreed by Ballantine (1981) showed that there is a positive connection between academic achievement and sport participation. Study by the U.S Department of Education (1997) revealed that students who participate in sport are three times more probable to have a grade point average or better (Mihoces, 1996). From this research show that student involve in sport are higher in the academic achievement than student that not participate in sport. Moreover, some previous research states that overall, student athletes graduate at higher rates than students in the general population. The most new graduation rates of 60% compared to 58% for the non-athlete population (Division I Athlete Graduation Rates, 2002). Differences in academic performance in athletes gender Refer to the past research carry out by Roger Whitley performed a study of North Carolina high school students stated that female athletes higher score in academic result. The students were divide into two groups, They were categorized as higher participant or low participant of sport according to the following rule. A student whose number of years in high school is better than their number of seasons participating in sport categorized as low participant (Stegman, 2000). A student whose number of seasons participating in sport is identical to or greater than their number of years in high school is categorized as high participants. This having a student who tried a sport or two as a freshman placed into the athlete category (Stegman, 2000). According from the past research state as below: Based on that, Mark Stegman says, I feel confident arguing that athletic participation does not hurt academic performance and it instills desirable qualities such as physical fitness, goal setting, teamwork, and self-discipline that help in all areas of students lives (Stegman 2000). The impact of sport participation on girls academic orientation was the focus of the number of studies. Feltz and Weiss (1984) found that socioeconomic level and extent of activity involvement were reason contributing to most of the differences between group, in which higher SES levels and higher levels of involvement were analytical of higher ACT scores. SES levels and extent of extracurricular involvement were influential other than students participation categories on females academic achievement. In another study, Synder and Spreitzer (1977) analyzed survey data on participation in sports as related to educational expectations among high school girls. The researcher found a positive relationship between both types of extracurricular participation and educational expectations. This study been showed that , sport for these high school girls may appear to a good result of academic achievement. Based on African-American male students, and presented mixed findings. Sport participation seems to have a positive effects on their educational aspirations (Braddock, 1980, 1981, ; Hanks, 1979; Picou Huang, 1982; Wells Picou, 1980), self-esteem (Braddock,1980, 1981 ; Hanks, 1979), college conscription and graduation (Braddock 1981), competitive orientation (Wells Picou, 1980), and adult earnings (Picou, McCarter, Howell, 1985). For this group of students, sport participation had mixed effect on their grades (Braddock, 1981; Wells Picou, 1980). Based on their investigation indicated that sport participation for these student was positively related to their aspirations to register in college preparatory programs in high school. Moreover, Marsh (1993) concluded from his study that sport participation may have an effect on academic achievement in that the participation where increase motivation. Hawkins and Mulkey (2005) suggested that sport participation created aspirations for African- American males to seriously consider attending college and act more suitably in school. For black female high school athletes, the literature presents a different picture. With respect to their participation in sport activities, we see mixed findings on their educational aspirations ( Hanks, 1979; Picou Huang, 1982), on support to attend college from parents, teachers, and peers (Hanks, 1979; Well Picou, 1980). Besides, Reith (1989) were analyzed through a survey of a large sample of these studies. The Hispanic high school female students who participated in sports were found to be more likely to score well on achievement tests, to stay in high schools and continue their education in colleges than their non-athletic peers. Regression result reveal that both male and female student athletes academic success is to some extent contingent upon the specific nature of their interaction with faculty (Fejgin 1994). The finding also showed that male and female student athletes have minimal differences in their various forms of contact with faculty. The implications of these findings are discussed among student athletes, faculty and advisors in order to improve their roles in establishing meaningful relationships with female and male student athletes inside and outside the classroom (Comeaux, 2005). The benefit of participated in sport. There are a lot benefit by participated in sport which indicated that participation in sports increased students overall interest and commitment to schooling as well as their engagement in more student-teacher contact, more positive attitudes about schooling, more parent-school contact (Crain, 1981; Trent Braddock, 1992). Moreover, Slavin and Madden (1979) found that sports could facilitate positive racial or ethnic relations as well as positive inter-group attitudes and behaviors among school. Crain (1981) reported similar findings. Furthermore, benefit of participated in sport could provide extrinsic rewards to students and help them form social bonds and relationships within school, (Crain, 1981; Slavin Madden, 1979); Trend Braddock, (1992), Besides, sport participation could create intrinsic values for students, according to Kavussanu and Mc Auley (1995). Based on this study, if highly student participated in sport they were significantly more optimistic and experienced greater self-efficacy than those non-athletes (Crain, 1981; Slavin Madden, 1979; Trend Braddock, 1992). Moreover, sport may provide a physical benefit to the student athletes and they can also facilitate the development of lifetime skills such as interpersonal and time management skills by working with a team of peers and coachers and also properly balancing between school work and practice. A number of benefits can be reaped from participation sports. Seaton etal (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001) note that participation in sports, which enhances physical fitness, contributes to good health. According to Ekperigin and Uti (1982), physical activity leads to good body posture, that is a balanced development of the whole body, the strength and fitness of all muscles. Sports being a physical activity help students to cooperate and work with others under the same rules and regulations towards a common goal while commenting on re-introduction of sports in Afghanistan Ekperigin and Uti (1982).Arnoldy (2005) observes that sports can be used as a vehicle for creating a safe space and an entrance into the public sphere. Besides that, Clarke (1977) contended that sports should gradually lead to a sense of order and self-control which make student able to control their selves in school or in competition. Furthermore, according from previous research, Weinberg and Gould (1995) athletes have better personality than non-athletes. In their research, they found out that those who play team sports as compared to non-athletes exhibit less abstract reasoning, more extroversion, more independent and less ego strength while those who play individual sports as compared to non-athletes display higher levels of objectivity, more dependency, less anxiety and less abstract reasoning. But, still other researcher have noted that athletes are more independent, more objective and less anxious than non-athletes (Cox, 1998). This showed that being an athletes give more benefit than non-athletes. As been stated above, it showed that sport participation are a lot give benefit to the student that involved in sport. Sport makes them healthier, more independent, gives motivation to them during the class and their training by Seaton etal (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001). Besides, sport participation are also make the student more discipline, hard working ethics and more focus in class and in their training by Seaton etal (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001). Moreover, sport participation give a good personality of the student where the student will increase their self-confidence, develop positive attitude and able to think professionally by Seaton (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001). evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-8077907031425301052020-01-20T04:26:00.001-08:002020-01-20T04:26:04.104-08:00Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers As people flip through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least two different professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the same thing about professional wrestling, in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn’t I? After watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A prime example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play... Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers As people flip through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least two different professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the same thing about professional wrestling, in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn’t I? After watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A prime example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play... evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-42036063287499147142020-01-12T00:50:00.001-08:002020-01-12T00:50:04.525-08:00ââ¬ËOf Mice and Menââ¬â¢ By John Steinbeck Essayââ¬ËOf Mice and Menââ¬â¢-By John Steinbeck is a story involving two very different main Characters-George Milton and Lennie Small, who are trudging difficulty through life with a dream to someday own their own ranch. One of the main themes over the course of the novel is loneliness, and this is quickly introduced within the first chapter or two, as well as giving us an insight as to what life was like during the depression (1929-1938). As Lennie is very simple minded, he is always getting into trouble, and at once point Lennie and George found themselves fleeing from their old working situation in Weed. They later find themselves work on another ranch, where we meet many other characters living similar lives full of unhappiness and despair. We meet the old swamper- Candy, who has only one working hand after getting one caught in a machine. It is here that we begin to get an idea of the lonely life Candy leads, considering he only has one companion- his dog, which was later put out of its misery by another ranch worker who saw it as unfit and a nuisance to itself. Another example of an unhappy character is the stable buck- Crooks. Crooks falls victim to racial discrimination and finds himself living in almost complete solitude because he is black. It seems as though Crooks will always lead a terrible and hopeless life because of the little to no respect or acknowledgement that the other ranch workers give him. The only way Crooks could make companion would be to find another black person, which does not seem very likely. Years of disrespect and neglect from those around him have turned Crooks into a mean and insecure man with absolutely no rights whatsoever! However, he retreats to his reading and his work, looking after the horses. Crookââ¬â¢s does also play horse-shoes, which the men praise him for as he was very skilled in the game. Furthermore, the wife of the bossââ¬â¢s son- known only as ââ¬ËCurleyââ¬â¢s Wife,ââ¬â¢ experiences sexual discrimination. She lives on a ranch where the majority of the people of the people are males, with nothing to do but play records or wander about the ranch looking for somebody to talk to. We learn how Curleyââ¬â¢s Wife is trapped in a loveless marriage and how dreams that she could have made much more of herself by perusing her career as an actress had she have not married Curley. In the novel she is not given a name and this shows readers just how insignificant she is to Curley, as well as the other ranch workers. Most of the characters experience some type of prejudice at some point throughout the novel. The only person to really seem happy with the way their life is going si Slim- who is looked up to bye everyone working at the ranch including Curley. Curleyââ¬â¢s wife, Crooks and Candy are all lonely with no real friendships with anybody. Although it may seem George and Lennie are unhappy or angry, they are never lonely because they have each other. The thought of someday owning their own ranch pushes them to keep working in such poor conditions, earning only $50 a month! I felt sorry for most of the characters (excluding Curley) as they did not have much to show for the lives they have lived so far with little or no chance of marriage, or remarriage. During this novel, readers experience such themes as racism, prejudice, and discrimination, as well as learning just how lonely and hopeless life seems without having any friends or companions. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-33308187773811580782020-01-03T21:12:00.001-08:002020-01-03T21:12:02.826-08:00Analysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay Psychological criticism has roots as far back as the fourth century BC, when Aristotle ââ¬Å"commented on the effects of tragedy on an audience, saying hat by evoking pity and fear, tragedy creates a cathartic of those emotionsâ⬠(Dobie 54). More recently, however, psychological criticism has been shaped and influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud. He developed theories concerning ââ¬Å"the workings of the human psyche, its formations, its organization, and its maladiesâ⬠that, while further refined by other theorists, are still the basis of the modern approach to literary criticism (Dobie 54). Freudââ¬â¢s theory of the tripartite psyche is used to classify and define the conscious and unconscious mind into the id, ego, and superego. When examined using this theory, Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, a dystopian novel about a patriarchal totalitarian government that has replaced the United States of America, is particularly interesting. The storyââ¬â¢s protagonist and narrator is a woman referred to as Offred, who lives in the fairly new Republic of Gilead which has taken the place of the United States. She is what is known as a Handmaid; alarmingly low reproductive rates led to young women whom are able to reproduce being assigned to well-off couples who are infertile. Essentially they are sex slaves being used for their uteruses. These women are generally not willing or believers in the new regime or in their new roles in society -- they are given the choice between beingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaids Tale 1405 Words à |à 6 Pageshave witnessed the corruption of governments before even if we didnââ¬â¢t even realize it. From communism to democracy, world wars to civil wars, genocides to religious upraises, government involvement has always been silently exalted. In Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s ââ¬ËThe Handmaids Taleââ¬â¢, we see the fear of the Gileadian society caused b y a rà ©gime government who practices its inhumane beliefs through everyday life in Gilead. The uses of military corruption, fear, and oppression are things that describe the everydayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1401 Words à |à 6 Pagesand psychologists, but surprisingly, a writer - Margaret Atwood has successfully described if not answer the issue of independence and passivity in The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale. A dystopian novel set in the post-apocalyptic America now so-called Republic of Gilead, a totalitarian government. With the critically low reproduction rates due to biological warfare, the Handmaids are allocated to give births within the oppressive regime. The story of the Handmaids has clarified the definition of freewill and independenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale847 Words à |à 4 Pagesincessant restrictions are for their own good. No restrictions are more stringent than those bestowed on the women, and mor e specifically, the handmaids. Although, Gilead claims to be built on a principal set of values, its principles are ignored and challenged to ensure everything runs smoothly in the eyes of Gileadââ¬â¢s patriarchy. In Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, the Republic of Gilead, a corrupt government adamant on supporting a better way of life for females, undermines their very own beliefsRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale1825 Words à |à 8 PagesIn Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, we meet Offred, or so they call her, a Handmaid in the Republic of Gilead, a futuristic dystopian society. Gilead tarnished traditional values and replaced them with shear corruption after the rebels killed the President as well as most of Congress, took over the government, and decided to throw out the constitution. Instead the society relies on the bible to justify its barbaric rules, limitations and practices. In a totalitarian society of dec reasing birthRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale843 Words à |à 4 PagesUnorthodox Characters ââ¬Å"I feel thankful to her. She has died that I may live. I will mourn laterâ⬠(Atwood 286). Many sacrifices and hard decisions are made by unorthodox people to keep what they believe in alive. There would be no rebellions and no change without these nonconforming people. Offred, the main character and a Handmaiden, would have faced eminent death in her strictly orthodox world had it not been for the rebelliousness of those who died before her wanting change. The Republic ofRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Atwood And Sylvia Plath s The Handmaid s Tale, And Moira Of Margaret Atwood1905 Words à |à 8 Pagesis in this despondent frame of mind, the woman of Sylvia Plathââ¬â¢s poem, Edge, and Moira of Margaret Atwoodââ¬â¢s novel, The Handmaids Tale, find themselves accepting their condemnation as their destiny. Both Margaret Atwood and Sylvia Plath use their works as emotional outlets to express the hopeless disposition one comes to embrace having reached the point of exhaustion . Together, Moira from The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale and the ââ¬Å"perfected womanâ⬠from Edge exemplify the quality of life or lack thereof, one isRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1249 Words à |à 5 PagesDystopian Research Essay: The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale by Margaret Atwood In the words of Erika Gottlieb With control of the past comes domination of the future. A dystopia reflects and discusses major tendencies in contemporary society. The Handmaid s Tale is a dystopian novel written by Margaret Atwood in 1985. The novel follows its protagonist Offred as she lives in a society focused on physical and spiritual oppression of the female identity. Within The Handmaid s Tale it is evident that through the explorationRead MoreThe Handmaid s Tale, By Margaret Atwood1629 Words à |à 7 Pages Atwood s novel, The Handmaid s Tale depicts a not too futuristic society of Gilead, a society that overthrows the U.S. Government and institutes a totalitarian regime that seems to persecute women specifically. Told from the main character s point of view, Offred, explains the Gilead regime and its patriarchal views on some women, known as the handmaids, to a purely procreational function. The story is set the present tense in Gilead but frequently shifts to flashbacks in her time at the RedRead MoreMargaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale931 Words à |à 4 Pagesthe concept of gender becoming a multi- layered shifting hypothesis to which society is adapting. Since the 19th-century, philosophers and theorists have continued to scrutinize gender beyond biological and social interpretation. Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale captures the limitations and social implications forced upon a set gender based on societal expectations. Gender is a social construct that limits the individua l to the restrictions and traditions of a society, or if itââ¬â¢s an individuallyRead MoreThe Reconstruction Of Power By Margaret Atwood943 Words à |à 4 PagesHaley Hollimon LTC Bozeman EN 102, L19 3 February 2015 The Reconstruction of Power Throughout The Handmaidââ¬â¢s Tale, Margaret Atwood utilizes various elements of fiction to develop and question the concept of power and control in the patriarchal society of Gilead. Offred, the main Handmaid, is the instrument of which Atwood delivers her message about corruption and power. Offredââ¬â¢s vague diction, unreliable characterization, and erratic tone illustrate the distress of this transitional society (Abcarian evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-53119478825892237932019-12-26T17:39:00.001-08:002019-12-26T17:39:03.261-08:00The Arrival Of Home Video - 891 Words The arrival of home-video however had an opposite impact. And it was just a beginning of the whole technological revolution that will completely turn peopleââ¬â¢s film watching habits upside down. Film viewing was taken into the comfort of the home space with the arrival of television. However the capabilities that home-video, followed by DVD-s, Blu-rays, Netflix and all the other VOD services, were a true breakthrough for the film buffs. This change on one hand inaugurated a completely new stage of cinemaââ¬â¢s relocation to multiple other platforms, on the other ripped off the cult, quasi-religious facet of cinema going and spectatorship. In 1996 a New York Times published an article by Susan Sonntag ââ¬Å"The Decay of Cinemaâ⬠, in which she announced the end of cinephilia. She wrote: The conditions of paying attention in a domestic space are radically disrespectful of film. (â⬠¦) To be kidnapped, you have to be in a movie theater, seated in the dark among anonymous strangers. What Sonntag here sentimentally mentions was a unique cinema experience, seeing a picture on a wide screen, coexisting in the particular time and space with other spectators. Being among strangers, nevertheless was a very communal experience and discussions after the screenings in cine clubs were a norm. The way we access and view films has changed dramatically. First of all film has moved out of its canonical location, spread to new environments ââ¬â cable tv, mobile devices, digital and online world. Cinemaââ¬â¢sShow MoreRelatedSears Shop Case Study970 Words à |à 4 Pagesconcealed items. The female was then seen entering the front passenger door of a red BMW with a possible California license plate of #4AYV085. The vehicle was last seen exiting the parking lot onto westbound Sears Way toward Rosemead Boulevard. Upon my arrival, I was traveling east on Foothill Boulevard directly in front of the Sears Store. I observed a red BMW exiting the Sears Store parking lot and onto westbound Foothill Boulevard. I entered the Sears parking lot and made a U-turn in order to determineRead MoreBusiness980 Words à |à 4 PagesVideo rental industry Definition: Branch of the entertainment industry that engages in renting prerecorded video material for home and personal viewing Significance: After starting in 1979 with a single retail outlet in Los Angeles, the video rental industry boomed during the 1980ââ¬â¢s and became a fixture in consumersââ¬â¢ spending during the 1990ââ¬â¢s, grossing an average of $1 billion yearly. With the arrival of digital versatile discs (DVDs) and the Internet during the 1990ââ¬â¢s, the industry experiencedRead MoreSef Gonzales923 Words à |à 4 Pagesinflicting five major stab wounds to her neck and two major stab wounds to her abdomen. Mary Loiva arrived home at about 5.30pm. Immediately upon her arrival, Sef attacked her in the living room with one of the kitchen knives. Gonzales inflicted multiple stab wounds and cuts to her face, neck, chest and abdomen. Her windpipe was completely transected in the attack. Teddy returned home just before 7pm and shortly upon entering the house, Sef attacked him inflicting multiple stab wounds to his neckRead MoreEssay on Charles Ng962 Words à |à 4 PagesOn June 2, 1985, Officer Daniel Wright, of the San Francisco Police Department, was dispatched to a lumberyard where a shoplifting had just occurred. Upon arrival, a store employee informed the officer that an Asian man had concealed a bench vice in his jacket and was seen placing it in the trunk of a 1980 Honda Prelude., and when the employee attempted to question the man he quickly fled on foot. Officer Wright looked into the vehicle and discovered a bag that contained a silenced handgun. At thisRead MoreThe Shocking Closing Of Blockbuster Video Stores1536 Words à |à 7 PagesBlockbuster Video Stores Katrina Evans August 25, 2015 OL500-Final Research Paper Rough draft Dr. Shana Patrick Southern New Hampshire University Abstract Blockbuster Video Inc. was an exciting idea introduced to America to provide affordable home entertainment to families across the country. Unfortunately, the company has had to make some decisions to close stores and take different routes on making profit. With the introduction of newinnovative ways to view movies at home, BlockbusterRead MoreFilm Analysis : Native People, First Encounters, And The Conquest1206 Words à |à 5 PagesAztecs. The Anasazi were located in the American southwest in Arizona and New Mexico. Their architecture consisted of stone masonry to build their structures which included the Kiva, where rituals would be conducted by the natives. They also built homes underground to decrease contact from the heat of the sun. These structures were built before the cathedrals from Europe. They have achieve constructing 400 miles of roads to enable trade and commerce. Pueblo Bonito 1100 AD was one of those cities thatRead MoreIs It My Future?1446 Words à |à 6 Pageshas resigned her position and has successfully gained employment with an agency that installs telemonitoring equipment in the homes of patients with chronic illness. She brags about the position stating that she gets to work from home and only on occasion has to attend meetings at her agency. She does not visit the patients in their homes but will monitor their status by video conferencing. Her goal is to detect any problems in their disease process earlier in order to possibly eliminate a hospitalizationRead MoreScholarship Essay908 Words à |à 4 Pagesand International education would be to create a scripted journal. This journal would be filled with practicing of my experiences of what I will learn in a different country. I hope to present scripted journal with friends, staff, and others at my home school as well to others to the international program center as a way to promote my studying and career choice in a different region. My artistic careers are an easy way to catch peopleà ¢â¬â¢s attention, so the goal will be for students to be interestedRead MoreViolence And Violence Among Children901 Words à |à 4 Pagesphysical altercations in recent years. Many have tried to identify what is causing this increase in violence among children. The growing problem of violence and aggressive behavior in society is speculated to be credited in part to the rise of violent video games. Background Over the past few decades the average personââ¬â¢s daily routine has changed drastically through the rapid development and advancements in technology. Most people living today can remember a time when not every person had a cell phoneRead MoreHanoi Case Study828 Words à |à 4 Pagesinternational outbound flight to Hanoi. Day 2à Hanoi Upon arrival in Hanoi, you are greeted by an Audley representative and taken to your hotel by private transfer. The rest of the day will be free to relax or explore at your own leisure. You might like to visit the Hoan Kiem Lake, a short walk from your hotel. Its beautifully lit up at night. Day 3à Hanoi This morning embark on a private city tour with your driver and guide. Visit Ho Chi Minhs former home, the Temple of Literature (the first university evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-76868041175489139432019-12-18T13:27:00.001-08:002019-12-18T13:27:04.924-08:00Essay on Creative Writing GILF - 1672 Words GILF When the weather turned, no one spoke to Anne about anything other than the weather; the same conversation, all day, every day until the sun returned. Glancing occasionally through the bakery window she saw the rain fall like strings of mercury, exploding into black droplets onto the pavement outside. Little drops of gloom, drops of gloom that keep us alive, that others in more remote corners of the globe tempt with elaborate dance. Anne had seen them on the Discovery channel pounding their leathered feet on the scorched, cracked earth and shaking their rain sticks at the sun and sky. With no breeze to carry the weight of a prayer their cries fall, shattered, parched and trampled underfoot. If the rain did show up the locals dancedâ⬠¦show more contentâ⬠¦On sunny days the world, Anneââ¬â¢s world seemed brighter, people were happier and if ââ¬Ëanything positiveââ¬â¢ had plans, ââ¬Ëanything positiveââ¬â¢ would turn up on a sunny day with a spring in his stride an d a tuneful whistle on his lips. Why ââ¬Ëanything positiveââ¬â¢ was Masculine Anne didnââ¬â¢t know, Masculine, ââ¬Ëmenââ¬â¢, ââ¬Ëmanââ¬â¢, no she had one of those before and heââ¬â¢d died a terrible statistic, what a way to go. Even so, despite his untimely demise Anne was, she had to admit, glad to see the back of him, idle bastard that he was. On sunny days Old women spoke about ââ¬ËMrs Whatshernameââ¬â¢ and her immoral habits, support tights, supper and the grand kids. Young mothers stressed about new teeth, tantrums, potty training and finding the right school whereas old men just talked about themselves. Something happened to men of a certain age Anne noticed, they completely gave up on the rest of humanity, rather they became insular and self obsessed. Nothing new is any good, itââ¬â¢s all bollocks, the internet is Satan, nothing is ever made like it used to be and kids are in need of a bloody good war. Rather than dwell on the state of the world they shut out everything else but themselves, become blinkered and bitter. Their wives, if they still have them, become ghosts long before their time, shadow people that leave food on the table and wash their husbandââ¬â¢s socks while husband spends his time pottering! Pottering never actually achieved anything in Anneââ¬â¢s book, evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-5710666004707726152019-12-10T10:10:00.001-08:002019-12-10T10:10:05.163-08:00Association Advancement Computer Education ââ¬Myassignmenthelp.Com Question: Discuss About The Association Advancement Computer Education? Answer: Introducation A diagnostic tool refers to the ability to determine if something is functioning properly or performing its duties. 0n the other hand, a communication style relates to the way people interact with each other verbally or even nonverbally (Adler, Rodman, DuPr, 2016). It involves the combination of both language and nonverbal cues and is the meta-message which defines how a listener receives and interprets verbal messages. When communicating with each other, you follow specific steps of the communication process that include: source-encoding-channel-decoding-receiver. Various communication styles are used across a wide range of areas in our day-to-day activities (Guffey, Loewy, 2012). Having to understand the style of the person you are communicating with determines the difference between getting your message across and getting it across well. In this context, I shall focus on the following key areas: The Mediators To become a mediator, one needs to be at ease; level-headed, a great listener and introverted. Most of them like marinating on questions so they will not give answers directly. To connect with them effectively; you need to keep your tone of voice at discussion level while verbally communicating, start a conversation with a warm and friendlily greeting, be patient and logical in your communication. The Analyzers These are people considered perfectionists and task-oriented and are suspicious of others. In such a setting you may find them answering a question with another question (Rost, Candlin, 2014). To communicate with them, you must choose the words you use very wisely avoiding terms such as Let me offer you some advice. make all the points understood before moving to the other. The Socializer You may find the setting of your communication being livelier. They like talking and a loud enough. Are also considered friendly to people and very social. To effectively communicate with them; allow time for interaction, put details down in writing, have a fast pace in your speech and avoid a rough, aggressive tone. The Aggressor-Asserter There is a setting of a CEO attitude. They are direct and blunt in their communication making you know where you stand (Tyagi, 2013). To ensure that your communication is effective; be brief, straight and succinct, use a fast and quick pace, avoid lots of details, look them in the eyes, and give short answers. Communicating effectively in different environment setting is an art and understanding your environment creates harmony and avoids contradictions. Communication Diagnostic Tools Before starting to talk, planning your message is very necessary. It requires one to take some time and figure out what exactly you want to say and why you want to say it (Broadbent, 2013). This helps avoid conveying information that is not needed and saving on listeners or readers mind too. Planning what you say takes some steps; understand your objective, your audience, plan what to say. Keep it simple and straightforward since good communication needs to be efficient as well as effective. After having a clear idea of what you want to say, create a clear, well-crafted message. You have to decide how exactly you will put your words across as you take the responsibility of conveying a message that is clear and concise (Geissler, Edison, Wayland, 2012). One is required to consider how your audience will perceive the information and not only what you say if you want to achieve this. You need to choose the best communicating channel to send your message to make use of it (Burgoon, Guerrero, Floyd, 2016). A simple task can be send using email but delegating a complex task may require you to speak in person. A negative emotional content may require you to communicate face to face. To be a good communicator, you also need to allow the other person speak and you just listen. To understand the information being presented, understand the emotions the speaker is expressing. Feedback would be important to ensure that the audience has understood your message. Feedback by body language gives most information about the effectiveness of your communication. You can watch out for a gesture, facial expression and even posture of your audience. Findings of the Tools To become a good speaker, I need to have the required skills to speak, relay information through the right channel as well as be a good listener to others. I should be able to understand what I want to say, read my audience, anticipate the other person to react to my message, select a body language that enables my audience to hear me, check my tone and other subtleties, understand time constraints, paying attention and avoiding distractions. Based on my analysis of the findings, I cite two major communications issues that require development. They include: being able to create a clear and well-crafted message based on my audience, ways of becoming a good listener and how well I can receive and interpret a message. Over a couple of months ago, I have had some professional interactions where my communication skills were highly tested. I have had student-student interactions as well as student-instructor interactions. As a student possessing the skills to be able to listen to others and communicate to them effectively becomes quite a problem. This arises in situations where I fail to decode the right instructions as given by my instructors as well as not being able to answer them back. Communication barrier occurs with the other students when there is need to express me to them and lack the objective or have a problem with the choice of words to use to either contribute to an issue or to express me. Hence, it is necessary to develop these two major communication problems. Listening skills Listening refers to the process of accurately receiving and interpreting messages in the process of communication (Bodie, Cyr, Pence, Rold, Honeycutt, 2012). It is key to any communication, and without it, words are easily misunderstood. Excellent listening skills enable us to have social networks, perform well in our studies, and have better health and general well-being (Bodie, Vickery, Gearhart, 2013). Listening involves not only paying attention to the story but how it is told and the use of language and voice and the use of body language. Models to Effective Listening Skills Position your body in a manner which makes it comfortable as well as inviting for others to come and talk with you. It can involve facing the one talking to you, and if not sited, take an open posture with the arms on the side (Carlile, 2014). Looking around as the conversation takes place or if you keep yawning indicates that you do not want the conversation. To show attentiveness, raise your elbows once in a while, mover closer to the person you are speaking with, smile and laugh when necessary, and nodding your head to agree. Maintain an eye contact to indicate that you have the attention and respect to the speaker. It gives the other person go ahead to pass across their message knowing that you are listening A crucial part of listening is the ability to let go of background noise, thoughts, and even conversations and focusing on the main talk (Islam, 2012). Being carried away by other events prevents you from listening fully. It is wise to turn off communication devices as it is polite and gets rid of extra distractions. Observing the speakers body language is important as somebody languages can communicate to a larger extent than actual wordings. Word of mouth only gives a small fraction of the whole message so watching out for body languages gives a further understanding of the message. Be open-minded judging only after you have heard and evaluated what one has said. Wait before forming opinions because once you do for example see one as being ill-informed, you shut them out and no longer listen to what they have to say. Have an open mind that you appreciate others scope of seeing things from a different perspective. Ask questions during an appropriate pause and avoid interrupting a speaker to ask something. Wait for a break and then ask. This gives the speaker the idea that you are interested enough to want clarification. This creates a speaker-listener conversation rather than someone merely talking to you. Listen with the intent to learn. Fully take in what your partner has to say and make each and every conversation as a learning opportunity. Do not focus too much on how you are going to reply to a person talking to you but understand and absorb what they are trying to put across. Listen to the speakers words and try to picture what they are saying. Create a mental model of the entire conversation to understand it even better by keeping all senses completely alert (Lemonnier, 2012). Always remember keywords and phrases that the speaker uses. Do not rehearse what you are going to say as you listen as this two cannot go hand in hand. Focus only on what the speaker is saying. Always put yourself in the speakers shoes by feeling what he is feeling. Express joy, sadness, or even fear when the person you are talking to does. Use facial expressions to convey them, and your effectiveness as a listener is guaranteed. Communication Skills This is the capability to communicate to others in an effective and efficient manner (Holloway, Mitobe, Atherton, 2015, March). Managers who are decent verbally help facilitate sharing of information between people within a companys setting. It is essential for one to build your way to the top of the business world. Models to Effective Communication Skills You should have the courage to say what is in your mind. One should have the confidence to know that they can make worthwhile contributions to a conversation (Buchanan, Seligman, 2013). Know your opinions and feelings so that you can be in a position to express them to others. Take practices by involving yourself with simple interactions ranging from both social skills to professional skills (Thomas, Stephens, 2015). The new skills may take a while before they can put into practice, but every time you put your communication skills into practice, you open an opportunity to future partnerships. By engaging the people you are talking to, you make them be interested in you. Look at the listeners eyes and move to the eye (Keyton, Caputo, Ford, Fu, Leibowitz, Liu, Wu, 2013). The back and forth movement between the two would make your eyes sparkle. Learn to speak clearly and audibly. Do not allow the space for people to keep asking you to repeat yourself. Instead, learn to articulate yourself in a better manner by even pronouncing your words (Owens, 2016). If not confident about the use of a particular word, then avoid using it altogether. Read new words in your daily routine to master new words and learn their correct pronunciation. Tell a story. Stories help activate our brains making our presentation better and out of it, we can be more persuasive in our communication. They also put us in position to be able to face interviews. Learn to tailor your management depending on the audience (Training, 2010). For example, a different style would be applied when talking to co-workers as compared to when you are having a conversation with your significant other or even elders. Always learn to be short of words yet distinct. Learn to get your point across clearly with fewer words. Together with this, be concrete, correct, and even courteous. Give yourself time to think by pausing in the middle of the conversation (Leathers, Eaves, 2015). There is always that thinking that the people you are talking to are being impatient and would like you to give your information as quickly s possible, but this is not the case. So just compose yourself and relax. Another way to go round this is equipping you with fixed phrases that you can use when remaining silent. This gives you time to reflect, simply by repeating the question asked and add another sentence to it. An action is a plan containing enough details of achieving a goal or an objective. It includes a number of the main events that are going to take place (Alessi, 2014). It has the details of what actions will take place, who will conduct the actions, by when they will take place and for how long, what resources are required. The key events that I would undertake within the next six months to develop my skills include: Coming up with a reading plan, I would formulate a timetable for reading various self-help books such as How to Talk to Anyone, Crucial Conversations, Verbal Judo. This books would give me vocabularies to use, help me develop skills such as understanding my audience, the way to frame my sentences, how to effectively respond to a question when posed to me, and also ways to vary my tone. The second plan is regular watching of news and other TV shows. This would help me gain the right pronunciation of words, learn how to use body language depending on the setting and topic under discussion as well as the body language of the speaker. This would give me an interactive section where I would visualize precisely the behavior and response of the speaker versus audience as well as how to involve the audience in my communication. The third is undertaking a short course on communication skills in the University Of Australia. Taking the course gives me a chance to interact with other students and the instructors where I can personally try out and practice and every skill taught to me. Being personally involved would make get a quick understanding of all the necessary skills. ACTION OBJECTIVE TIME Coming up with a reading plan Enable me to gather enough vocabularies, understand my audience, ways of varying tone. 2-3 months Regular watching of news and other TV shows Learn how to pronounce words, learn how to engage my audience. 3 months Undertaking a short course in Communication Skills at The University of Australia. Practicing and applying the skills taught to me, engaging myself with other students as well as developing courage when in the presence of an audience 1-2 months Evaluating the Action Plan After I have completed each of the above events, it is important to evaluate or measure the successful completion of the events to make sure that my communication skills have improved. I need to ask myself various questions such as: how were my communication skills before I began the action plan, how my skills improved, and to what extent should I be competent in my skills. By answering this question, I can be able to figure out the state that I have reached, and my progress from the action plan. References Adler, R., Rodman, G. R., DuPr, A. (2016).Understanding human communication. Oxford University Press. Alessi, A. L. (2014). Communication Action Plan. Bodie, G. D., St. Cyr, K., Pence, M., Rold, M., Honeycutt, J. (2012). Listening competence in initial interactions I: Distinguishing between what listening is and what listeners do.International Journal of Listening,26(1), 1-28. Bodie, G. D., Vickery, A. J., Gearhart, C. C. (2013). The nature of supportive listening, I: Exploring the relation between supportive listeners and supportive people.International Journal of Auditing,27(1), 39-49. Broadbent, D. E. (2013).Perception and communication. Elsevier. Buchanan, G. M., Seligman, M. (Eds.). (2013).Explanatory style. Routledge. Burgoon, J. K., Guerrero, L. K., Floyd, K. (2016).Nonverbal communication. Routledge. Carlile, S. (2014). ACTIVE LISTENING: SPEECH INTELLIGIBILITY IN NOISY ENVIRONMENTS.Acoustics Australia,42(2). Geissler, G. L., Edison, S. W., Wayland, J. P. (2012). Improving students' critical marketing, creativity, and communication skills.Journal of Instructional Pedagogies,8, 1. Guffey, M. E., Loewy, D. (2012).Essentials of business communication. Cengage Learning. Holloway, K., Mitobe, L., Atherton, M. (2015, March). Teacher/Mentor Training-Active Listening. InSociety for Information Technology Teacher Education International Conference(pp. 1531-1538). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education (AACE). Islam, M. N. (2012). An Investigation on How to Improve Tertiary Students Listening Skill of English.Journal of Studies in Education,2(2), 205-214. Keyton, J., Caputo, J. M., Ford, E. A., Fu, R., Leibowitz, S. A., Liu, T., ... Wu, C. (2013). Investigating verbal workplace communication behaviors.The Journal of Business Communication (1973),50(2), 152-169. Leathers, D. G., Eaves, M. (2015).Successful nonverbal communication: Principles and applications. Management. Lemonnier, P. (2012).Mundane objects: Materiality and non-verbal communication(Vol. 10). Left Coast Press. Owens Jr, R. E. (2016). Language Development: An Introduction| Edition: 9.Instructor. Rost, M., Candlin, C. N. (2014).Listening in language learning. Routledge. Thomas, G. F., Stephens, K. J. (2015). An introduction to strategic communication. Training, M. T. D. (2010).Effective communication skills. Bookboon. Tyagi, B. (2013). Listening: An important skill and its various aspects.The Criterion An International Journal in English,2(12), 1-8. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-19154540116229572692019-12-02T21:51:00.001-08:002019-12-02T21:51:03.357-08:00The Old Man And The Sea Essays (527 words) - Ichthyology, Fisheries The Old Man And The Sea In The Old Man and the Sea by Ernest Hemingway there are two characters who have a great friendship, the old man and the young boy. The old man has been fishing for many years and for the last eighty-four days has not caught a fish. Now the boy who looks up to him is not allowed to fish with him anymore. This boy looks up to the old man as a hero because the old man shows courage, perseverance, and respect. The old man shows courage just by going out all alone everyday and still fishing at his age. Although he showed the most courage when he had to fight the big fish. He could have let the fish go, by cutting the line, but instead the old man was willing to die trying to catch it. ?He had seen many that weighed more than a thousand pounds... Now alone, and out of sight, he was fast to the biggest fish that he had ever seen and bigger than he had heard of? (pg 63) Yet he didn't fear the fish because he knew that if he fought the fish wisely he could beat it. However, if he lost his courage, then he would be done for and would never see the fish again. Not only does the old man show courage but he also shows perseverance. This man went eighty-four days without catching a fish. Yet he woke up every morning, way before dawn and get ready for a day of fishing. He knew that if he stuck with it, then his perseverance would pay off in the long run. Ever as he's fighting the fish he shows perseverance. ?Fish he said softly, aloud ?I'll stay with you until I die(52) This shows that he was in for the fight of his life and that he was willing for his life to end before giving up. And in the end his perseverance pays off and he finally gets the fish to the boat. The boy also looks up to the old man because of the old mans respect. He has respect for everything and everyone. He respects the boy by treating him like a son, the fish by realizing the beauty of it, and him self by not giving up on trying to catch the fish. ?You are killing me fish, the old man thought. But you have a right to. Never have I seen a greater, or more beautiful, or a calmer, more noble thing than you, brother,?(92). This shows the respect and the lover that the old man has for the fish and all things. The old man is a hero to the young boy for all of these reasons. The young boy loves the old man and helps him by carrying stuff for him, getting him bait, and cooking for him. Everything the old man says and does affects the boy. The old man stands for all the heroic qualities that the young boy wants to have, courage, perseverance, and respect. The old man is a perfect hero for the boy. Book Reports evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-24874712521365097262019-11-27T07:36:00.001-08:002019-11-27T07:36:04.178-08:00The Domestication of Maize in AmericaThe Domestication of Maize in America Maize (Zea mays) is a plant of enormous modern-day economic importance as foodstuff and alternative energy source. Scholars agree that maize was domesticated from the plant teosinte (Zea mays spp. parviglumis) in central America at least as early 9,000 years ago. In the Americas, maize is called corn, somewhat confusingly for the rest of the English-speaking world, where corn refers to the seeds of any grain, including barley, wheat or rye. The process of maize domestication radically changed it from its origins. The seeds of wild teosinte are encased in hard shells and arranged on a spike with five to seven rows, a spike that shatters when the grain is ripe to disperse its seed. Modern maize has hundreds of exposed kernels attached to a cob which is completely covered by husks and so cannot reproduce on its own. The morphological change is among the most divergent of speciation known on the planet, and it is only recent genetic studies that have proven the connection. The earliest undisputed domesticated maize cobs are from Guila Naquitz cave in Guerrero, Mexico, dated about 4280-4210 cal BC. The earliest starch grains from domesticated maize have been found in the Xihuatoxtla Shelter, in the Rio Balsas valley of Guerrero, dated to ~9,000 cal BP. Theories of Maize Domestication Scientists have put forward two main theories about the rise of maize. The teosinte model argues that maize is a genetic mutation direct from teosinte in the lowlands of Guatemala. The hybrid origin model states that maize originated in the Mexican highlands as a hybrid of diploid perennial teosinte and early-stage domesticated maize. Eubanks has suggested a parallel development within the Mesoamerican interaction sphere between lowland and highland. Recently starch grain evidence has been discovered in Panama suggesting the use of maize there by 7800-7000 cal BP, and the discovery of wild teosinte growing in the Balsas river region of Mexico has lent support to that model. The Xihuatoxtla rockshelter in the Balsas river region reported in 2009 was discovered to contain domesticated maize starch granules in occupation levels dated to the Paleoindian period, more than 8990 cal BP. That suggests that maize may have been domesticated by hunter-gatherers thousands of years before it became a staple of peoples diets. The Spread of Maize Eventually, maize spread out from Mexico, probably by the diffusion of seeds along trade networks rather than migration of people. It was used in the southwestern United States by about 3,200 years ago, and in the eastern United States beginning about 2,100 years ago. By 700 AD, maize was well established up into the Canadian shield. DNA studies suggest that purposeful selection for various traits continued throughout this period, leading to the wide variety of species today. For example, 35 different races of maize have been identified in pre-Columbian Peru, including popcorns, flint varieties, and varieties for specific uses, such as chicha beer, textile dyes, and flour. Agricultural Traditions As maize was spread outside of its roots in central America, it became part of already existing agricultural traditions, such as the Eastern Agricultural complex, which included pumpkin (Cucurbita sp), chenopodium and sunflower (Helianthus). The earliest direct-dated maize in the northeast is the 399ââ¬â208 cal BC, in the Finger Lakes region of New York, at the Vinette site. Other early appearances are Meadowcroft Rockshelter Archaeological Sites Important to Maize Archaeological sites of importance to the discussion of maize domestication include Central America:à à Xihuatoxtla Shelterà (Guerrero, Mexico), Guila Naquitz (Oaxaca, Mexico) andà Coxcatlan Caveà (Tehuacan, Mexico)Southwest USA:à Bat Caveà (New Mexico),à Gatecliff Shelterà (Nevada)Midwest USA: Newt Kash Hollow (Tennesee)Northeast USA: Vinette (New York), Schultz (Michigan), Meadowcroft (Pennsylvania) Some Recent Maize Studies This glossary entry is a part of the About.com Guide toà Plantà Domestications,à and part of theà Dictionary of Archaeology. Carpenter Slavens J, and Snchez G. 2013.à Los cambios ambientales del Holoceno Medio/ Holoceno Tardà o en el desierto de Sonora y sus implicaciones en la diversificacià ³n del Yuto-aztecano y la difusià ³n del maà z.à Dilogo Andinoà 41:199-210. Ellwood EC, Scott MP, Lipe WD, Matson RG, and Jones JG. 2013.à Stone-boiling maize with limestone: experimental results and implications for nutrition among SE Utah preceramic groups.à Journal of Archaeological Scienceà 40(1):35-44. Freeman, Jacob. Crop Specialization, Exchange and Robustness in a Semi-arid Environment. Human Ecology, John M. Anderies, Andrea Torvinen, et al., Volume 42, Issue 2, SpringerLink, January 29, 2014. Gil AF, Villalba R, Ugan A, Cortegoso V, Neme G, Michieli CT, Novellino P, and Durn V. 2014.à Isotopic evidence on human bone for declining maize consumption during the little ice age in central western Argentina. Journal of Archaeological Science 49(0):213-227. Grimstead DN, Buck SM, Vierra BJ, and Benson LV. 2015.à Another possible source of archeological maize found in Chaco Canyon, NM: The Tohatchi Flats area, NM, USA.à Journal of Archaeological Science: Reportsà 3:181-187. Haas J, Creamer W, Huamn Mesà a L, Goldstein D, Reinhard KJ, and Vergel Rodrà guez C. 2013.à Evidence for maize (Zea mays) in the Late Archaic (3000-1800 B.C.) in the Norte Chico region of Peru.à Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciencesà 110(13):4945-4949. Hart JP, and Lovis WA. 2013. Reevaluating What We Know About the Histories of Maize in Northeastern North America: A Review of Current Evidence. Journal of Archaeological Researchà 21(2):175-216 Killion TW. 2013.à Nonagricultural cultivation and social complexity.à Current Anthropologyà 54(5):596-606. Matsuda, Masahiko. Upland Farming Systems Coping with Uncertain Rainfall in the Central Dry Zone of Myanmar: How Stable is Indigenous Multiple Cropping Under Semi-Arid Conditions? Human Ecology 41, ResearchGate, December 2013. Reed PF, and Geib PR. 2013.à Sedentism, Social Change, Warfare, and the Bow in the Ancient Pueblo Southwest.à Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviewsà 22(3):103-110. Snchez-Pà ©rez S, Solleiro-Rebolledo E, Sedov S, de Tapia EM, Golyeva A, Prado B, and Ibarra-Morales E. 2013.à The Black San Pablo Paleosol of the Teotihuacan Valley, Mexico: Pedogenesis, Fertility, and Use in Ancient Agricultural and Urban Systems.à Geoarchaeologyà 28(3):249-267. Shillito, Lisa-Marie. Grains of truth or transparent blindfolds? A review of current debates in archaeological phytolith analysis. Vegetation History and Archaeobotany, Volume 22, Issue 1, SpringerLink, January 2013. Thompson V, Gremillion K, and Pluckhahn T. 2013.à Challenging the Evidence for Prehistoric Wetland Maize Agriculture at Fort Center, Florida.à American Antiquityà 78(1):181-193. VanDerwarker A, Marcoux J, and Hollenbach K. 2013.à Farming and Foraging at the Crossroads: The Consequences of Cherokee and European Interaction Through the Late Eighteenth Century.à American Antiquityà 78(1):68-88. Warinner C, Garcia NR, and Tuross N. 2013.à Maize, beans and the floral isotopic diversity of highland Oaxaca, Mexico.à Journal of Archaeological Scienceà 40(2):868-873. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-86828186013642620222019-11-23T15:10:00.001-08:002019-11-23T15:10:06.523-08:00The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer â⬠Earth Science EssayThe Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer ââ¬â Earth Science Essay Free Online Research Papers The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer Earth Science Essay This essay will take two contrasting case studies, global warming and the ozone layer, to show both the successes and failures that have so far been gained in dealing with this issue. The political economy of the two case studies will be analysed from the three main theoretical points which will aim to explain why the main state actors acted as they did or did not. 2. Global Environmental Degradation 2.1 Definition Environmental degradation is the transformation of an ecosystem in a negative manner that affects the conditions and/or the quality and quantity of flora/fauna in the ecosystem (Held et al. 2000:377). Due to the interlinked nature of ecosystems, when the natural ecology of an area is destroyed, the environment will also be altered. For example, over farming can lead to the desertification of once arable land and excessive urbanisation can cause an increase in flooding. This degradation can occur on a local, transnational or global scale. At the local level fly tipping in rural woodland will only have an impact on the immediate area. At the transnational level are the problems of cross boundary pollution, for example the accusation by Scandinavian countries that a large proportion of the acid rain falling on their countries originates from industrial outputs from the UK (ITE 1997:80). At the global level are problems that affect what are known as the global commons. The are reso urces that are considered to be the common ownership of humanity, upon which no state can have a sole claim to sovereignty or authority over them, for example the atmosphere or the ocean beds (Held et al 2000:378). Global environmental degradation is therefore any process that affects these environmental global commons in a negative manner. 2.2 Forms Mainly due to restrictions of space this essay will be concerned with global environmental degradation issues. However, this is also the area of study that has resulted in a significant area of both international cooperation and conflict, demonstrated by the successes, and failures, of the many international regimes established to attempt to deal with the problems. Regardless of ones view on whether globalization is a new distinct phenomenon or not (Held 2000:10), it is clearly the case that global environmental degradation on the current scale is the product of the globalization of commerce and industrialisation. At the dawn of the industrial revolution environmental degradation was mainly localised, for example the ââ¬Å"pea-soupâ⬠fogs caused by coal burning in Victorian England (Hunt 2004). As industrialisation has spread around the world and increased in density in the developed world so has environmental damage (Vig 1999:1). It is also a significant area to study due to the inherently economic and political nature of the causes and perpetuation of the problem. The issue of global environmental degradation is one that has been discussed in many disciplines, from the natural sciences through to social science disciplines such as Security Studies and International Relations (cf Buzan et al 1998). The globalization of environmental degradation has widened the range of the problem, indeed it has now arguably become all humanities problem rather than just a few, however due to both geography and economics, the burdens of global warming will not be distributed equally among humanity as is discussed below (Ross Blackmore 1991:175) 2.2 A brief history of global responses Since global environmental degradation first crept onto the international agenda in the seventies there have been numerous attempts at setting up solid international regimes to help to combat the problem, the most significant being the establishment of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in 1972 (Greene 2001:390). This was established as a result of the 1972 UN Conference on the Human Environment and aimed to establish a coordinated multinational effort to recognise and attempt to solve problems of environmental degradation at all levels and to conceptualise environmental damage in the context of development. (ibid.). There have also sprung up numerous NGO groups since then, for example Friends of the Earth and Greenpeace founded in 1969 and 1971 respectively (FOE 2004; Greenpeace 2004 ). Despite this progress reaching a global consensus on how to prevent damage to the global commons has been slow. 3. Case Study #1: The depletion of the ozone layer and the Montreal Protocol 3.1 The Ozone Layer and CFCs Ozone (O3) is a form of oxygen with one electron in its outer shell, making it highly reactive, that is found in the stratosphere layer of the atmosphere. It is formed when radiation from the sun splits oxygen atoms (O2) into individual molecules, which then bond with O2 atoms to form O3 (Blackmore 1996:90). Ozone plays a vital part in the atmosphere by absorbing radiation from the sun and keeping the temperature on the Earth so that it can support life. At present under ideal conditions the amount of ozone in the stratosphere is about 10 parts per million per volume (ACDR 2003). Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) are a wide family of man made inert chemical gasses composed of chlorine, fluorine and carbon (Hardy 2003:18). When they were discovered in the 1930s they were believed to be the ideal gasses for refrigeration, propellants in aerosols, industrial solvents and for making foamed plastics due to their stable, non-flammable and non-toxic properties (Blackmore 1996:70). It is only when they are released into the atmosphere that they become a problem; as CFCs are lighter than air they rise high into the atmosphere when released. It is when they reach the layer of ozone in the stratosphere that problems occur. In the stratosphere they are broken down by radiation from the sun, causing a chemical reaction to take place that destroys ozone. Due to the stable nature of the halon molecules from CFCs they are not destroyed; one molecule of chlorine for example can destroy 100,000 ozone ones (Hardy 2003:18). This process is only limited by the amount of chlorine a toms available in the atmosphere and destroys ozone at a much higher rate than nature can create it, resulting in depletion of the protective ozone layer (ACDR 2003). Depletion of the ozone layer on a large scale would result in the planet becoming increasingly hotter, causing a rise in skin cancer, cataracts and damage to crops, amongst other effects (Thomas 1992:207). 3.2 International Response Concern first arose over the damage that CFCs may cause to the ozone layer in the 1970s in the US. The US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) after a long and protracted struggle with chemical manufactures led by DuPont, banned the use of all CFCs except for essential uses such as refrigeration (Greene 2001:402). In 1984 it was discovered that there was massive loss in the atmospheric ozone over Antarctica each spring, which became known as the ââ¬Å"ozone holeâ⬠. By 1988 it had been proven conclusively by science that this was due to CFC release into the atmosphere and that the problem would continue for as long they were discharged into the atmosphere (Blackmore 1996:71). Other developed states soon followed suite (ACDR 2003). The first international regime aimed at dealing with the problem of ozone depletion was the 1985 Vienna Convention which established a framework for solving the issue (Molitor 1999:222) after widespread publicity and concern over the effect of CFC s. The Montreal Protocol of 1989 was the result of the Vienna Convention. Under the Protocol CFC usage was to be reduced by 50% by the year 2000 (Greene 2001:401). . Most states were persuaded to join, though developing states, led by China and India, were only persuaded to join once a Multilateral Fund was established by the industrialized states to pay the incremental costs occurred by the Protocol. The Protocol has been the subject of many amendments and the date of phasing out CFCs was moved forwards eventually to 1996 for developed countries and 2010 for developing countries (UNEP 2003). The ozone hole issue was easily solved due a combination of science, economics and politics. International cooperation to limit the damage to the ozone layer has been a major success; with ozone depleting substances (ODS) now believed to be at their peak in the stratosphere. Due to the long life time of CFCs already in the stratosphere there will be an estimated lag time of up to a decade before the ozone layer is at its full natural level (UNEP 2003:4.3). Figure 1 shows the global decrease in CFC production. The EU and the US had both phased out their stocks of CFCs by 1996, although the developing world proved more difficult (Greene 2001:401). The MLF established by the richer states at the Montreal Protocol was the most important method by which developing states were helped to cease production. In addition to the MLF a programme of technology transfer was established (Parson 1995:50). The MLF was administered by an executive committee consisting of representatives from each region on the planet and operates through the World Bank, UNEP and the UN Development Program (ibid.). Figure 1 4. Case Study #2: Global Warming and the Kyoto Protocol 4.1 The Greenhouse Effect and human contribution to it The Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere is composed of 78.09% nitrogen, 20.95% oxygen, and 0.93% argon, however it is the trace gasses which constitute only the tiny remaining percentage of the atmosphere that most affect climate (Hardy 2003:3). The main trace substances in the atmosphere are carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), carbon monoxide (CO), ozone (O3), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) (ibid. p5), known as greenhouse gasses due to their role in the greenhouse effect. As the sunââ¬â¢s energy travels through the Earthââ¬â¢s atmosphere, 26% of the energy is reflected back into space by clouds and particles in the atmosphere. 19% is absorbed by clouds and gasses in the atmosphere and 4% is reflected off the surface off the Earth (Gow Pidwiny 1996). Only approximately 51% of the suns energy is transferred to the surface of the earth where it causes photosynthesis, heats the ground etc. When the radiation from the sun is absorbed or reflected in the atmosphere i t reduces the wavelength of the radiation reaching the ground. This is a vital part of the global ecosystem, without it the planet would be devoid of life; however it is human agency that is causing the present day problem by amplifying the natural effect (Fraser 2003). As a result the radiation reradiated from the earth is of a lot shorter wavelength, and gets trapped by the atmosphere, producing an insulating effect. This effect is shown in figure 2. Figure 2 4.2 International Response Although the greenhouse effect is a vital natural occurrence, there is strong scientific evidence that human agency, especially due to industrialization is increasing the amount of greenhouse gasses present in the atmosphere. This has the effect of thus increasing the greenhouse effect beyond its natural levels, causing the planet to warm up (Ross Blackmore 1991:149; Greene 2001:404; Held et al 2000:384). Through the seventies and eighties there were many international programmes and agreements established, though none of major significance until the agreement in 1989 that there should be an ââ¬Å"Earth Summitâ⬠in 1992 at Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (Green 2001:393). In 1990 the United Nations Environment Program set up the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change which published Policymakers Summary of the Scientific Assessment of Climate Change, the first scientific report of international significance to acknowledge the problem. The opening page of the report stated. ââ¬Å"these increases [in the concentration of greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere] will enhance the greenhouse effect, resulting on average in additional warming of the Earthââ¬â¢s surfaceâ⬠(cited in Thomas 1992: 157-158) At the Rio conference all the states present agreed upon a set of principals and aims, including the Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) to combat ozone depletion and global warming (Green 2001:405). Under article 2 of the Convention states were committed to achieving stabilisation of greenhouse gas concentration that would contribute to global warming (NEF 2003:2). The next summit was at Kyoto where states agreed to implement the principals agreed at Rio. The ââ¬Å"Kyoto Protocolâ⬠as this became known included an agreement that states would work to lower their greenhouse gas emissions, which aimed to become legally binding once ratified by the signatory states (ibid. p408). Annex I countries (OECD states plus selected former Soviet Bloc states) were to reduce their greenhouse gas emissions to 5.2% below 1990 levels by 2008-2012 (NEF 2003:2). The treaty was ratified by the EU but significantly not by the US, Russia or Australia (ibid.) A system of emissions t rading was also proposed, however there was no agreement on mandatory limitations due to US disagreement, as such the list of targets was just seen as recommendations (ibid. p229), resulting in the treaty getting off to a weak start. The extent and rate of global warming is still debated in the scientific community as some claim it may be no more than a natural cycle in the Earthââ¬â¢s climate, however there is near universal agreement that the release of greenhouse gasses into the environment is worsening the problem (Beckerman 1992:pp254-255). There is also uncertainty about the rate and extent at which global warming will occur, a factor that has hindered political efforts to combat the problem (Hodge 1995:175; Lomborg 1998:pp258-323). In addition to debate over the nature of global warming the political and economic arguments concerning global warming are also still on-going. Problems concerning global environmental degradation have proved difficult to solve due to the issues of free-riding and the so-called ââ¬Å"tragedy of the commonsâ⬠. These two concepts, explained below, have hindered many of the attempts at making progress on global environmental issues and will need to be overcome for the universal good of humanity. 4.3 Costs and difficulties with climate control There is little doubt that combating climate change would be an expensive measure for all (Pakerr 2002). The two most commonly suggested solutions are a tax on CO2 output or a system of tradable permits (ibid.). Levying a tax on CO2 output has been one of the most widely suggest proposals for dealing with the problem (Paarlberg 1999: 242). This would act as an incentive on industry to develop greener technologies and would provide governments with the income to assist with developing greener environmental policies (Hodge 1995:184). However the knock on effects of such a tax would be unevenly distributed. The price of all fossil fuels would rise not just for industry, but for individuals as well. As those on lower incomes generally spend a higher proportion of their incomes on energy it would affect them significantly more than it would industry (ibid. p185). In order to prevent capital flight from states implementing such a policy it would have to be a co-coordinated global ef fort, otherwise the first states to impose such a policy will find their industry simply relocates to states that do not have carbon taxes. States are also likely to find it hard to pass such a proposal due to lobbying by business (Paarlberg 1999:242). If this solution was attempted at a global level it would undoubtedly be very difficult to achieve. A key reason for this is the argument by developing states that they should not be penalized for a problem that was created until recently almost exclusively by the industrialized West (REF). A proposal such as a carbon tax would also be likely hinder development and industrialization in the developing world. 5. Theories and concepts in IPE For the purpose of this essay only the modern variants of the three central perspectives shall be analyzed, this is due to space restrictions and that it is not relevant to give an account of the development of the views in order to explain their impact on present day thinking regarding global environmental degradation. 5.1 Free Riding and the Tragedy of the Commons The tragedy of the commons is a model which demonstrates why actors acting rationally in their self interest will end up harming everyoneââ¬â¢s interests in the long term and comes from the work of Hardin (1968). Hardin demonstrates how certain situations can produce no net gains for all when actors act rationally to increase their utility. He explains this by using a parable of a field shared by several herdsmen, a situation which worked happily for centuries with the expansion of the herdsmen limited by events such as war, pestilence etc.. Eventually a situation will arise where there is nothing to stop the common land being used to its maximum capacity. Each herdsman will see it rational to add another cow as it will add to his utility. Each herdsman will gain greatly from having another cow, but will only be slightly affected by the decrease in space on the common. As each actor is rational they will keep adding more and more cows, thinking they are not harming the commo n and only bearing a fraction of the cost of damage to the common. When common is full however, and all the grass eaten then all will lose at once (Hardin 1968:1243). Although Hardin was talking about population growth the same model fits well to describe attempts to find a political and economic solution to the problems of global environmental degradation. Free riding is the situation whereby contributors to the public good, in this case preventing global warming, are unable to ensure that those benefiting from the public good are actually contributing and not just relying upon the work of others (Coneybear 1984:6). This is a particularly important problem in relation to economic matters such as global warming, where if many states were to adopt measures that were beneficial to the environment, but harmful to their economies then they would be at a significant economic disadvantage to those states which did not do so. Free riding would be easier with global warming measures due to the wide range of ODS that industries use, in comparison to ozone measures which are much more easily monitored. 5.2 The mercantilist perspective Mercantilism sees economic practice as part of a states national security, strong economies are necessary in order to strengthen a state militarily (Woods 2001:285). Mercantilism is related to realism in International Relations Theory and shares many of the same assumptions, such as the primacy of the state and viewing the international arena as anarchical (Gilpin 1987:31). States should act in economic ways that benefit them directly, and see the world in zero-sum terms. This method of thinking would claim that there is no logical reason for states to attempt to do anything about global warming, especially considering the economic costs involved, unless there is a direct threat to a statesââ¬â¢ security, as was believed to be the case with the US and ozone depletion (Parson 1995:69) Mercantilist thinking is partly evident in the USââ¬â¢ rejection of the Kyoto protocol. The current Bush administration has pursued many mercantilist projects since coming to power, pandering to big industry by, against all ideals of neoliberal free trade, placing tariffs on imports in which the US is not competitive, for example on clothing (Rockwell 2003). There is a strong movement in the US against joining the Protocol or any future regime along the same lines due to the belief that it would harm the US economy (Beder et al 1997). The US Energy Information administration estimated that implicating the Kyoto Protocol would cost the US economy a minimum of $283bn and a maximum of (EIA 2002) out of a GDP of $10.4trillion (CIA 2003). This is the main argument against why the US will not ratify the Kyoto Protocol. Lobbying of the Bush administration by large polluting industries, of which the biggest donator was the now collapsed energy concern Enron (Weinberg 2003), prevente d the Protocol being ratified in the US senate. The Senate refused to ratify any treaty which did not include a demand that developing states reduce their emissions as well, rather than the scaled proposals (Molitor 1999:225). This has been seen by some commentators as the US trying to secure its own position as the leading world economy by restricting the development of the undeveloped and developing world. Bello (2003) argues that China was the principal target of this thinking as its rapidly expanding economy poses a threat to US economic domination. If the US had its greenhouse gas emissions restricted it would arguably find itself in a weaker economic position than China. Although mercantilist thinking is becoming an increasing part of US economic policy (Bello 2003), see for example the banana and steel wars with the EU, it will only serve to undermine the USââ¬â¢ own strength in the long run. Hegemonic stability theory, based on the work of Gramsci, claims that when other states start to perceive the hegemonââ¬â¢s actions as self-serving and against their own political and economic interests, the whole system will be weakened (Gilpin 1987:73). Hegemonic states need an ideological consensus for support, military strength is not enough. The US under Bush has clearly lost a lot of goodwill even from its allies in the EU over following mercantilist thinking, both in respect to trade and the environment (Shwarz 2001). 5.3 The neoliberal perspective Neoliberalism is regarded today as the basis of the global economy, the so-called Washington Consensus with its key institutions of the WTO, IMF and the World Bank (Cox 2001:120).Those adopting the neoliberal position for political economy are also likely to reject any form of attempting to solve the problem of greenhouse gas emission via taxation. Neoliberalismââ¬â¢s strong belief in the free-market economy and unregulated trade makes it hard to justify from the perspective any intervention in the market (Gilpin 1987:27). Neoliberalism also claims that politics should be separated from economics as much as possible, however global warming is clearly a situation that requires both a political and economic solution. Cleaver describes neoliberalism as ââ¬Å"both an ideology and a strategyâ⬠(1997), meaning that it provides both the means and the ends of the global economy. Neoliberal thought regards global warming, like any other crisis to markets, as something that will be stabilized by the ââ¬Å"invisible handâ⬠, claiming that intervention by states will result in market inefficiency and will hinder (Beder 2001:129). Neoliberals believe that the solution to global warming either lies in a partnership between business and governments (Cleaver 1997) or that it lies in letting a free market devise its own solution as aforementioned (Beder 2001:129) for example as happened with the regime on ODS. Another proposed idea is the distribution of rights to areas that were previously considered global commons, such as the atmosphere in the belief that this will create a market for scarce resources, making them hugely expensive and therefore morel likely to be valued (ibid.p131) Some have argued that the implementation of the Kyoto protocol by states will benefit their internal economy as energy companies compete for green investment and are stimulated to develop new green technology (Valentine 2002). If the Protocol was enacted on a global level then states would compete to develop green technology in order to encourage business to invest. It is possible that under this situation the US could emerge a winner as it has the initial capital and technology which to invest in alternative technologies. 5.4 The Marxist perspective Marxist political economy has developed greatly since first put forward by Marx and Engles in the nineteenth century (Gilpin1987:34) and now takes many different forms. All forms of Marxism share in common some basic tenets, however only those relating to political economy will be considered here. The first is that history is shaped by the changing nature of economic production, the second that the capitalist mode of production and its future are governed by a series of economic laws (Gilpin 1987:35). Today Marxism has very little impact in the policy arena and has largely been relegated to academic studies. However Marxist views on the nature of capitalism are still relevant to the study of political economy. Marx saw the industrial revolution in Europe as based on the systematic exploitation of the working classes, today globalization can be seen as based on the principal only this time based on the exploitation of the developing world (Edwards-Jones et al 2000:16). Global environmental degradation is seen by todayââ¬â¢s neo-Marxists as due to the nature of global capitalism, which will always aim to seek short term profitability and exploitation from the natural as well as human environment, with little thought for the long term consequences (ibid. p17). However one irony of Marxist thought is its belief that the natural environment is there to be exploited by science and technology, something that can be clearly seen in the former Soviet countries abysmal environmental record (ibid.) 6. Comparison of the two case studies The international regime to combat atmospheric release of ODS has been a resounding success as it has resulted in global production and consumption of ODS being reduced to 85% of what they were previous to the introduction of controls on them (Oberthur 2001:358). In comparison the Kyoto treaty lies largely in ruins, due mainly to pressure from business encouraging governments to refuse to ratify the treaty (Beder et al 1997). The final nail in the coffin has often been portrayed as the refusal of the Bush administration to ratify the treaty (Greenpeace 2001). However, it is arguable that the treaty had already been ââ¬Å"killedâ⬠before then by others, such as France (Murray 2003). Environmental concerns are often seen by politicians and governments as less important than other issues, such as military security (Chalecki 2003). Despite attempts to redefine security, environmental issues have not made it high onto the agenda of many states, as such there is little political demand in government circles for states to act immediately, for example a selection of surveys of the US public from 2003-2004 show very little demand for political action on the environment (Polling Report 2004). 6.1 Economic comparison The economics of control of ODS were largely stacked in favour of banning them, especially for the US (DeCanio 2003:300). In 1987 the US chemical company Du Pont invented CFC substitutes over which it would have a production monopoly and would be able to dominate the market gap left by ceasing production of CFCs (Thomas 1992:225). Any treaty on ODS would have given the US an economic advantage as the export of CFCs could provide a lucrative income. The US stood to benefit enormously from the Montreal Protocol, even to the extent that it would have been economically viable for the US to adopt the entire cost of phasing out CFCs globally (Parson 1995:69). The US stood to gain an estimated $6.4 trillion by implementing the Montreal Protocol, mainly due to avoiding cancer deaths (ibid.). However, although US support was vital to the establishment of the international regime, it was not the sole cause and ozone depletion would not have been solved by a unilateral approach. In additio n to gains the US economy would benefit from as its assumed position as the main supplier of CFC substitutes (Thomas 1992:225) it was also attributable to the oligpolistic nature of CFC production, which was concentrated in the hands of just a few TNCs (Greer Singh 2000), for example DuPont controlled 25% of the global market (Thomas 1992:219). TNCs also eventually supported the campaign to legislate CFC production, knowing that they stood to gain (Greene 2001:402) graph showing reduction This is all a huge contrast to the economics of the Kyoto agreement. Figure 3 shows how there has been no significant decline in greenhouse gas output despite the attempts. To reach the targets of greenhouse gas reduction would require most developed states to restructure their entire economies away from fossil fuels and towards renewable energies. Although scientific evidence for global warming is strong, it is still far from irrefutable in the way ozone depletion is (cf. Lomborg 1998). There are many different models of what is likely to happen with huge differences in the amount, or in some cases lack of, global warming that will occur (Beckerman 1992:258). There is also no consensus on the role of ââ¬Å"carbon sinksâ⬠such as forests and the oceans which it is argued may keep global warming in equilibrium due to absorbing CO2, the main greenhouse gas. This has allowed corporations and business concerns of all sizes the opportunity to claim that the science behind glob al warming is flawed and that the problem is not real (Beder et al 1997). Businesses in all developed states launched a protracted lobbying campaign against legislative bodies, aiming at getting the Protocol blocked. In the US a multitude of business interest groups were formed, with one spending à £10million on TV advertising alone to persuade the public that Kyoto would cost jobs and money (ibid.). The biggest hindrance to any solution to global warming is the reluctance of the US to get involved in any treaty that may harm their economy, despite accounting for 25% of global greenhouse gas output in 2003 yet with only 4.6% of the global population (NEF 2003:6). Figure 4 shows how the industrialized world accounts for more than a third of all greenhouse gas emissions, with half of that due to the US alone. In addition, many neoliberal think-tanks with vested interests, such as funding from environmentally harming industries have worked hard at producing academic evidence to pr ove the hugely negative impact that any treaty on global warming would have, both theoretically and economically (Beder 2001). 6.3 Game Theory analysis The model of situation the international community and states find themselves in is also different with each of the treaties. The Montreal Protocol can be seen as a ââ¬Å"privilegeâ⬠type game, where the benefits to each actor outweigh the costs (Toke 2000:51). The Montreal Protocol allowed every state to ââ¬Å"winâ⬠; those in the developing world received the finance to move away from CFC production so it cost them very little. The US also gained due to increasing its market share and everyone gained by the ozone layer being saved. In contrast global warming is seen as a classic prisonersââ¬â¢ dilemma, where the stakes are zero-sum and the only positive outcome depends on the cooperation of all involved and an absence free-riding (Toke 2000:51). Another issue lies in the different construction of the two regimes. Although the UNFCCC regime was based upon the structure of the WTO, it lacked primary rules that were agreed on by all participant states (Faure Lefevre 1999:144). Primary rules are those which define the behaviour of each member state and affect how much behaviour must change on joining the regime. This can account for why the UNFCCC has been less successful than the Montreal Protocol. The goals of the Montreal Protocol required only a limited number of changes in state behaviour, whereas the UNFCCC would require large scale changes by both industry and individuals (ibid.) 6.4 The global economic context Another significant problem with global warming regimes is the development aspect (Beckerman 1992:255). While countries in the developed world were able to finance the replacement of ODS in developing states through the MLF, to do so with global warming would be impossible due to the huge costs involved. Unlike trade and economic agreements, environmental ones are rarely legally binding and often amount to being voluntary (NEF 2003:4), as such there is no international adjudicator for solving disputes or enforcement in the manner of the WTO. The NEF 2003 report suggests that states wishing to achieve the goals of the Kyoto Protocol place trade barriers and import taxes on states failing to comply with the Protocol, however this largely goes against the dominant neoliberal principal of free trade. The World Bank has a Climate Change department which aims to provide the framework for a global carbon emission trading system (Carbon Finance 2004) however this system has not yet fully come into force. 7. Conclusion From the above evidence I would argue that based on current events a universal to global warming is unlikely to happen at any point in the near future. The two case studies provide good models of how global issues of environmental degradation can be solved or what may prevent them being solved. Problems or advantages lie in the economics of the problem, the science or technology involved with the problem, the form of the decision making process and issues concerning development all contribute to the likely success or failure of international environmental regimes. The most likely solution is one which embraces neoliberal ideology and provides an acceptable economic solution to all states or a shift in global priorities brought about by apparent and conclusive effects of global warming. The ideas outline in the NEF 2003 document may go someway to providing a solution if adopted on a global level. 8. Bibliography 8.1 Books Buzan, B. et al (1998) Security: A New Framework for Analysis (Lynne Rienner: Colorado, US) Edwards-Jones, G. et al (2000) Ecological Economics: An Introduction (Blackwell Science: Oxford) Gilpin, R. (1987) The Political Economy of International Relations (Princeton University Press) Hardy, J. (2003) Climate Change: Causes, Effects, and Solutions (Wiley: London) Held, D. et al (2000) Global Transformations: Politics, Economics and Culture (Polity Press: London) Lomborg, B. (1998) The Skeptical Environmentalist (Cambridge University Press) Sjà ¶stedt, G. (1993) International Environmental Negotiations (Sage) Thomas, C. (1992) The Environment in International Relations (Royal Institute of International Affairs) Toke, D. (2000) Green Politics and Neoliberalism (Macmillan: Basingstoke) 8.2 Edited Books Beckerman, W. (1992) ââ¬Å"Global Warming and Economic Actionâ⬠in Hurrel, A. Kingsbury, B. eds. The International Politics of the Environment (Clarendon Press: Oxford) Blackmore, R. (1996) ââ¬Å"Damage to the ozone layerâ⬠in Blackmore, R. Reddish, A. Global Environmental Issues (Hodder Stoughton) Faure, M. Lefevere, J. (1999) ââ¬Å"Compliance with International Environmental Agreementsâ⬠in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Greene, O. (2001) ââ¬Å"Environmental Issuesâ⬠in Baylis, J. Smith, S. eds. The Globalization of World Politics (Oxford University Press: Oxford) Molitor, M. (1999) ââ¬Å"The United Nations Climate Change Agreementsâ⬠in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Paarlberg, R. (1999) ââ¬Å"Lapsed Leadership: US International Environmental Policy Since Rio in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Parson, E. (1995) ââ¬Å"Protecting the Ozone Layerâ⬠in Hass, P. et al eds. Institutions for the Earth (1995) (MIT Press: London) Ross, S. Blackmore R. (1996) ââ¬Å"Atmospheres and climate changeâ⬠in Blackmore, R. Reddish, A. eds. Global Environmental Issues (Hodder Stoughton) Vig, N. (1999) ââ¬Å"Introductionâ⬠in Vig, N. Axelrod, R. eds. The Global Environment: Institutions, Law, and Policy (Earthscan: London) Woods, N. (2001) ââ¬Å"International Political Economy in an age of globalizationâ⬠in Baylis, J. Smith, S. eds. The Globalization of World Politics (Oxford University Press: Oxford) 8.3 Journal Articles Beder, S. (2001) ââ¬Å"Neoliberal Think Tanks and Free Market Environmentalismâ⬠Environmental Politics Vol.10:pp128-133 Conybeare, J. (1984) ââ¬Å"Public Goods, Prisoners Dilemmas and the International Political Economyâ⬠International Studies Quarterly, Vol. 28:1:pp. 5-22. DeCanio, S. (2003) ââ¬Å"Economic Analysis, Environmental Policy, and Intergenerational Justice in the Reagan Administrationâ⬠International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law Economics Vol.3:pp299-321 Hardin, G. (1968) ââ¬Å"The Tragedy of the Commonsâ⬠Science Vol.164:pp1243-1248 Oberthà ¼r, S. (2001) ââ¬Å"Linkages between the Montreal and Kyoto Protocolsâ⬠International Environmental Agreements: Politics, Law Economics Vol.1:pp357-377 8.4 Reports ITE (1997) ââ¬Å"Scientific Report of the Institute of Terrestrial Ecology 1997-98â⬠ceh.ac.uk/products_services/publications/online/annual/97-98/ (Institute of Terrestrial Ecology) UNEP (2002) ââ¬Å"Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion: 2002â⬠unep.org/ozone/sap2002.shtml retrieved 15/3/04 (United Nations Environment Program) 8.5 Online Sources Bello, W. (2003) ââ¬Å"The Crisis of the Globalist Project and the New Economics of George W. Bushâ⬠globalpolicy.org/globaliz/econ/2003/0710bello.htm (Global Policy Forum) Retrieved 14/3/03 Carbon Finance (2004) ââ¬Å"Carbon Finance Products of the World Bankâ⬠http://carbonfinance.org/ (Carbon Finance at the World Bank) Retrieved 20/3/04 Chalecki, E. (2003) ââ¬Å"Environmental Security: A Case Study of Climate Changeâ⬠pacinst.org/environment_and_security/env_security_and_climate change.pdf (Pacific Institute for Studies in Development, Environment, and Security) Retrieved 20/3/04 CIA (2002) ââ¬Å"United States of Americaâ⬠cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/us.html (CIA World Factbook 2003) Retrieved 20/3/04 Cleaver, H. (1997) Nature, Neoliberalism and Sustainable Development: Between Charybdis Scylla?â⬠eco.utexas.edu/Homepages/Faculty/Cleaver/port.html Retrieved 18/3/04 FOE (2004) ââ¬Å"Who We Areâ⬠foe.org/about/whoweare.html (Friends of the Earth) Retrieved 20/3/04 Fraser, A. (2003) ems.psu.edu/~fraser/Bad/BadGreenhouse.html Retrieved 1/3/04 Gow Pidwiny http://royal.okanagan.bc.ca/mpidwirn/atmosphereandclimate/greenhouse.html Retrieved 29/3/04 Greenpeace (2001) ââ¬Å"The Climate Cannot Wait for Bushâ⬠http://archive.greenpeace.org/climate/climatecountdown/documents /clicantwait.pdf Retrieved 18/3/04 Greenpeace (2004) ââ¬Å"About Usâ⬠greenpeace.org/international_en/aboutus Retrieved 20/3/04 Greer, J. Singh, K. (2000) ââ¬Å"A Brief History of Transnational Corporationsâ⬠globalpolicy.org/socecon/tncs/historytncs.htm#bk2_ft22 (Global Policy Forum) Retrieved 20/3/04 Murray, I. (2003) ââ¬Å"Who Killed Kyoto?â⬠techcentralstation.com/052003M.html (TechCentral Station) retrieved 16/3/04 NEF (2003) ââ¬Å"Free Riding on the Climateâ⬠neweconomics.org/gen/z_sys_PublicationDetail.aspx?pid=167 (New Economics Foundation) Retrieved 15/3/04 Pakerr, L. (2002) ââ¬Å"Global Climate Change: Market-Based Strategies to Reduce Greenhouse Gasesâ⬠policyalmanac.org/environment/archive/crs_climate_change_market.shtml (Almanac of Policy Issues) retrieved 12/3/04 Rockwell, L. (2003) ââ¬Å"Mercantilism USAâ⬠mises.org/fullstory.asp?control=1283 (Ludwig von Mises Institute) retrieved 13/3/04 Schwarz, P. (2001) ââ¬Å"Transatlantic relations enter an ice ageâ⬠wsws.org/articles/2001/apr2001/eur-a06.shtml (World Socialist Website) retrieved 14/3/04 UNEP (2003) ââ¬Å"Chemicals Phase Out Schedulesâ⬠unep.org/ozone/Public_Information/4Aiv_PublicInfo_Facts_che micals.asp retrieved 15/3/04 8.6 Newspaper Articles Beder, S. et al (1997) ââ¬Å"Who Killed Kyoto?â⬠The Guardian, 29th October 1997, p. 4 Hunt, T. (2004) ââ¬Å"Industrial Evolutionâ⬠The Guardian, 12th January 2004-03-21 guardian.co.uk/comment/story/0,3604,1120734,00.html Research Papers on The Political and Economic Issues of Global Warming and the Ozone Layer - Earth Science EssayRelationship between Media Coverage and Social andPETSTEL analysis of IndiaDefinition of Export QuotasBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfGenetic EngineeringAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductThe Project Managment Office SystemEffects of Television Violence on Children evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-6443191336965219062019-11-21T05:15:00.001-08:002019-11-21T05:15:09.943-08:00See order info Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 3See order info - Coursework Example The above discussed factors that include family structure, socio-economic status, community and own personal experiences influence decisions by several ways. These ways include change in moral judgments, emphasizing more modifying the behaviors of an individual and also inability to respond towards transforming socio-economic conditions (Kidder, n.d.). The factors mentioned above might conflict with the needs, preferences and biases of the patients and their respective families by making ineffective decisions by the family members relating to gaining proper treatment, not able to align the economic conditions with the treatment costs and irrelevant personal experience about the stated context (Claywell, 2014). There lay certain ethical theoretical frameworks that describe personal worldview about the aforesaid context in a best way. In this regard, such frameworks could be ascertained as virtue and compassion among others. For example, virtues associated with good character may support in adopting effective decisions towards deriving positive outcomes. On the other hand, exercising compassion with others in a particular setting may also describe personal worldview about the factors influencing decision-making procedure (Claywell, evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-86466095711209127722019-11-20T02:21:00.001-08:002019-11-20T02:21:04.268-08:00The Castle doctrine in the state of Virginia Research PaperThe Castle doctrine in the state of Virginia - Research Paper Example It also gives examples of United States cases, where the Castle Doctrine laws have been applied. The state of Virginia, which is among the US states that have never implemented the Castle doctrine laws is also discussed, as well as the recent changes in the law in recent years. Finally, the paper highlights the advantages and disadvantages of the Castle Doctrine. Keywords: Castle Doctrine, Intruder, Victim, West Virginia, Statute, Self Defense The Castle Doctrine The law in most nations upholds the fact that every individual has a right to defend himself or herself against an attacker, in what is popularly referred to as self-defense. Carter points out that the permissions and powers held by individuals for their defense at their homes in case of attacks are contained in the Castle Doctrine (2012). The Castle Doctrine also deals with special cases of attacks committed towards individuals away from their homes. Gardner and Anderson define it as ââ¬Å"the doctrine permitting people wh o have been assaulted in their homes by a trespasser to stand their ground and use such force as is necessary and reasonable to defend themselvesâ⬠(2011, p. 137). According to the doctrine, a personââ¬â¢s home is his or her castle, and the home owner has the right not to retreat in case of an attack. The doctrine however allows this on the grounds that the attacker is a stranger or trespasser in the home, and not a co-occupant such as a housemate, spouse, or member of the family. Gardner and Anderson (2011) point out that ââ¬Å"a minority of states have an exception to the ââ¬Å"castleâ⬠doctrine that requires a co-occupant of a home to retreat (if safely possible) before using deadly force in self-defenseâ⬠(p. 137). Origin of the Castle Doctrine The Castle Doctrine has its origins in the common law that was established thousands of years back. It is believed to have been established by Plotinus in AD 250. He stated that the only way an individual could save hi mself from an attacker was not by praying, but rather fighting the attacker (Hunter, 2012). The application of the Castle Doctrine can also be traced back to the Roman law between AD 530 and 533 by The Pandects, who urged that oneââ¬â¢s home ought to be the safest place to live for anyone. The English law in the 1600s also upheld the doctrine and supported the statement that ââ¬Å"a manââ¬â¢s house is his castleâ⬠(Hunter, 2012, p. 14). In 1690, John Locke, who was an influential political philosopher wrote that man has the right and permission to destroy anything that threatens him as well as to destroy any man that fights him. When the United States gained its independence in 1776, it was declared that pursuit of happiness, life and liberty are inalienable rights that all men, who are created equal, have (Hunter, 2012). The Castle doctrine is also mentioned in the United States constitution and the Second Amendment. Elements of the Castle Doctrine The mode of applicati on of the Castle Doctrine laws is different in different states. However, there are common conditions that basically apply to all states. These include the requirement or condition that a trespasser should have made or be making a trespassing attempt into a car, home or business (Experienced Criminal Lawyers, 2013). The second condition requires the attacker or intruder to truly be involved in an unlawful act, and this means that the intruder cannot be a law officer evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-17474672078211016022019-11-17T14:51:00.001-08:002019-11-17T14:51:03.652-08:00Womens Day Essay Example for Free Womens Day Essay Have you ever given a thought that why is the International Women Day Celebrated for? No? No problem. Carry on reading as itââ¬â¢s going to get interested ahead. Do you know when the first International Women Day came into existence? Just 101 years before. You must be thinking why is that? So listen the women did not had the same right as nowadays. They were majorly being a victim of violence, they were the main victim of poverty and lack of education, and they had no rights at all, not even a right to vote can you imagine that? The women were considered as a minority in every aspect of life than men. Donââ¬â¢t you think that was wrong? Youââ¬â¢re 100% correct. These thoughts became the main reason for Women to fight for their rights when they worked as team to battle for their journey towards equality between both genders. Where did I go on International Women Day? 8th March is the official date to celebrate this interesting day all around different nations so how come you can even imagine me sitting home and watching t.v. As a young Women myself I attended an inspiring seminar on 8th March 2013 (International Womenââ¬â¢s Day) at Olswang, London. The building was really a beautiful piece of art though they didnââ¬â¢t allow us to take a photo inside (Bad luck). We were given an ID badge as security purposes and we followed staff towards the meeting room with seated brilliant and successful women who looked superb as well and not to forget few men were seated there as well. Until now you may be thinking now itââ¬â¢s going to be boring right? Not really! What was exciting about the day? It wasnââ¬â¢t really a meeting or a lecture. We started with a mouth-watering variety of snacks and drinks and sat on our assigned seats with other college and school students. To give a side kick to the formality among the group members they assigned each table with a challenge of building the highest tower with the marshmallows and the bamboo sticks. My team mates started with bursting energy by pouring drink on the table. We didnââ¬â¢t won but had fun in it. The Guest speakers that came there were all very talented and they shared their golden experience of life and the hard works that they went though to become successful but the good thing is that they all were very happy and satisfied in their lives. They all belong to different fields i.e. police, doctor, media, recruitment sector, banking and much more. There words and the way they presented it was very motivational and it gave me a power to go beyond the limits, touch the sky and make the best of both world. Thatââ¬â¢s how this beautiful day ended up with some open chat with each other on a cuppa and cookies. We also got goodie bags specially selected for Women. Always Remember in Mind: There isnââ¬â¢t any minority or majority as in gender if you donââ¬â¢t agree then sorry to say but you need to fix those lose screws pal. There isnââ¬â¢t anything that the Women canââ¬â¢t do. You just have to learn to find your inner potential and need to trust in yourself because you are the world for yourself. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-950008937127554557.post-73144645583244579502019-11-15T03:22:00.001-08:002019-11-15T03:22:04.839-08:00Comparing Atkins and Balance Energy Bars :: Health Nutrition Diet Exercise EssaysComparing Atkins and Balance Energy Bars à à à à à à à à Many are fascinated by the various diets in society; people want to lose weight by finding a reliable method that will ensure results. Two common diets include the Atkins Diet and the Zone Diet. Both of these have energy bars that contain the nutrients need to meet the diets specific requirements. In the article ââ¬Å"Glycemic and Insulinemic responses to energy bars of differing macronutrient composition in healthy adults,â⬠by Steven Hetzler and Veonsoo Kim, a study was conducted that compared the different energy bars. The study looked at equal proportions of these bars to see their effects on glycemic and insulinemic levels. This paper will be focusing on the differences between the Atkins and Balance Energy Bars and the effect they have on glycemic and insulin. à à à à à à à à The Atkins Diet contains a low amount of carbohydrates, whereas the Zone Diet has the components of a 40% carbohydrate, 30% protein, and 30% fat breakdown. The energy bars associated with these diet influences the glycemic and insulin levels in the body. By having a reduction of glycemic and insulin levels in the body affects a diet. By having low glucose levels this will ultimately lead to weight loss. This happens either through the removal of carbohydrates or by substituting low glycemic index carbohydrates for higher ones. In doing this the higher level of insulin will be reduced, for example high blood cholesterol levels will go down. à à à à à à à à To test the insulin and glycemic levels the energy bars contain the study had 20 healthy adult participants. They were split into groups receiving 1 of 5 test meals; 1 being low carbohydrates, 2) moderate carbohydrates, 3) high carbohydrates, 4) white bread, and 5) chicken breast. Chicken breast was the negative control since it contains no carbohydrates, whereas white bread was the positive control. Test meals 1) with the low carbohydrates, include the Atkins Energy Bar, and test meal 2) includes the Balance Energy Bar. à à à à à à à à In order to see the levels of the glucose and insulin after consuming the bars blood samples were taken and analyzed. In this experiment the Atkins energy bar produced the lowest glucose results. evmehydis1975http://www.blogger.com/profile/00695351374039460692noreply@blogger.com0