Tuesday, January 28, 2020

Relationship Between Sport Participation And Academic Achievement Psychology Essay

Relationship Between Sport Participation And Academic Achievement Psychology Essay Introduction This research is to identify if there any relationship between sport participation and academic achievement. In additions from thus study also it will show whether sport participation among student may affect their academic or not. The review of literature for this investigation focuses on three primary areas of concern. The research questions are: Is there any difference in academic performance between students who are participate in sport and student who are not participate in sport. Is there any difference in term of academic performance between male and female students athletes. To examine what are the benefits that students athletes get by participating in sport The first area represents the differences of academic performances between student who are participate in sport and student who are not participate in sport, which researcher want to investigate. The second part is to represent is focusing on the differences in academic performance between genders and as well toward on the benefit of participated in sport for academic achievement. Comparison between student that participated in sport and student not participated in sport. As we know, nowadays, a lot of student that involve in sport often make them hard to maintain their result but they can score during the examination (Shuman Michael, 2009). Besides, a lot of student success in their academic are usually active in sport, it will show if there are any differences between student that participated in sport and student that not participated in sport in their academic achievement (Shuman Michael, 2009). One of the first organizations who are concern to the question of the academic performance of student-athletes was the Carnegie Foundation. In its Twenty-Second Annual Report, published in 1927, the commission gave a detailed review of studies that had been complete about the relationship of athletics to scholastic attainment ( Twenty-Second Annual Report, 1927). According to sport participation and academic performance; proof from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (2002) gives positive association between sports participation and academic performance. Besides that, based on Eccles, Barber, Stone, Hunt (2003), studies show that participation in athletic activities is to encourage a wide range of social, physical, and intellectual skills, which leading better in classroom performance. In fact there is fair quantity of proof to support this claim. As noted above, high school athletes on average perform better academically than non-athletes Solt, D.F. (1986). Moreover, Hindma has found that in the Colleges of Arts, Engineering, and Agriculture, the quarter grade point averages for athletes were higher. The average grade point average for non-athletes was 2.153 and 2.168 for athletes. In following these same students through the next four years, Hindman found that the degree attainment for athletes was better in every college and in total 37.2 percent of the athletes attained degrees compared to only 21.5 percent of non-athletes. Other than that, Eaton and Smith (1941) used the percentile grade ratings made on the American Council on Education Psychological Examination as an indication of aptitude and compared this with grade point average as an indication of achievement. Athletes were higher than compared with non-athletes. As been stated above, indicated that students who were involved in sport perform better in academic than those who were not. Besides, there are also possibility that those students who are involved in more sport are generally motivated than those who do not participate in sport. Furthermore, the majority of studies from the past, show those students involved in sport excel in the classroom. This also can be agreed by Ballantine (1981) showed that there is a positive connection between academic achievement and sport participation. Study by the U.S Department of Education (1997) revealed that students who participate in sport are three times more probable to have a grade point average or better (Mihoces, 1996). From this research show that student involve in sport are higher in the academic achievement than student that not participate in sport. Moreover, some previous research states that overall, student athletes graduate at higher rates than students in the general population. The most new graduation rates of 60% compared to 58% for the non-athlete population (Division I Athlete Graduation Rates, 2002). Differences in academic performance in athletes gender Refer to the past research carry out by Roger Whitley performed a study of North Carolina high school students stated that female athletes higher score in academic result. The students were divide into two groups, They were categorized as higher participant or low participant of sport according to the following rule. A student whose number of years in high school is better than their number of seasons participating in sport categorized as low participant (Stegman, 2000). A student whose number of seasons participating in sport is identical to or greater than their number of years in high school is categorized as high participants. This having a student who tried a sport or two as a freshman placed into the athlete category (Stegman, 2000). According from the past research state as below: Based on that, Mark Stegman says, I feel confident arguing that athletic participation does not hurt academic performance and it instills desirable qualities such as physical fitness, goal setting, teamwork, and self-discipline that help in all areas of students lives (Stegman 2000). The impact of sport participation on girls academic orientation was the focus of the number of studies. Feltz and Weiss (1984) found that socioeconomic level and extent of activity involvement were reason contributing to most of the differences between group, in which higher SES levels and higher levels of involvement were analytical of higher ACT scores. SES levels and extent of extracurricular involvement were influential other than students participation categories on females academic achievement. In another study, Synder and Spreitzer (1977) analyzed survey data on participation in sports as related to educational expectations among high school girls. The researcher found a positive relationship between both types of extracurricular participation and educational expectations. This study been showed that , sport for these high school girls may appear to a good result of academic achievement. Based on African-American male students, and presented mixed findings. Sport participation seems to have a positive effects on their educational aspirations (Braddock, 1980, 1981, ; Hanks, 1979; Picou Huang, 1982; Wells Picou, 1980), self-esteem (Braddock,1980, 1981 ; Hanks, 1979), college conscription and graduation (Braddock 1981), competitive orientation (Wells Picou, 1980), and adult earnings (Picou, McCarter, Howell, 1985). For this group of students, sport participation had mixed effect on their grades (Braddock, 1981; Wells Picou, 1980). Based on their investigation indicated that sport participation for these student was positively related to their aspirations to register in college preparatory programs in high school. Moreover, Marsh (1993) concluded from his study that sport participation may have an effect on academic achievement in that the participation where increase motivation. Hawkins and Mulkey (2005) suggested that sport participation created aspirations for African- American males to seriously consider attending college and act more suitably in school. For black female high school athletes, the literature presents a different picture. With respect to their participation in sport activities, we see mixed findings on their educational aspirations ( Hanks, 1979; Picou Huang, 1982), on support to attend college from parents, teachers, and peers (Hanks, 1979; Well Picou, 1980). Besides, Reith (1989) were analyzed through a survey of a large sample of these studies. The Hispanic high school female students who participated in sports were found to be more likely to score well on achievement tests, to stay in high schools and continue their education in colleges than their non-athletic peers. Regression result reveal that both male and female student athletes academic success is to some extent contingent upon the specific nature of their interaction with faculty (Fejgin 1994). The finding also showed that male and female student athletes have minimal differences in their various forms of contact with faculty. The implications of these findings are discussed among student athletes, faculty and advisors in order to improve their roles in establishing meaningful relationships with female and male student athletes inside and outside the classroom (Comeaux, 2005). The benefit of participated in sport. There are a lot benefit by participated in sport which indicated that participation in sports increased students overall interest and commitment to schooling as well as their engagement in more student-teacher contact, more positive attitudes about schooling, more parent-school contact (Crain, 1981; Trent Braddock, 1992). Moreover, Slavin and Madden (1979) found that sports could facilitate positive racial or ethnic relations as well as positive inter-group attitudes and behaviors among school. Crain (1981) reported similar findings. Furthermore, benefit of participated in sport could provide extrinsic rewards to students and help them form social bonds and relationships within school, (Crain, 1981; Slavin Madden, 1979); Trend Braddock, (1992), Besides, sport participation could create intrinsic values for students, according to Kavussanu and Mc Auley (1995). Based on this study, if highly student participated in sport they were significantly more optimistic and experienced greater self-efficacy than those non-athletes (Crain, 1981; Slavin Madden, 1979; Trend Braddock, 1992). Moreover, sport may provide a physical benefit to the student athletes and they can also facilitate the development of lifetime skills such as interpersonal and time management skills by working with a team of peers and coachers and also properly balancing between school work and practice. A number of benefits can be reaped from participation sports. Seaton etal (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001) note that participation in sports, which enhances physical fitness, contributes to good health. According to Ekperigin and Uti (1982), physical activity leads to good body posture, that is a balanced development of the whole body, the strength and fitness of all muscles. Sports being a physical activity help students to cooperate and work with others under the same rules and regulations towards a common goal while commenting on re-introduction of sports in Afghanistan Ekperigin and Uti (1982).Arnoldy (2005) observes that sports can be used as a vehicle for creating a safe space and an entrance into the public sphere. Besides that, Clarke (1977) contended that sports should gradually lead to a sense of order and self-control which make student able to control their selves in school or in competition. Furthermore, according from previous research, Weinberg and Gould (1995) athletes have better personality than non-athletes. In their research, they found out that those who play team sports as compared to non-athletes exhibit less abstract reasoning, more extroversion, more independent and less ego strength while those who play individual sports as compared to non-athletes display higher levels of objectivity, more dependency, less anxiety and less abstract reasoning. But, still other researcher have noted that athletes are more independent, more objective and less anxious than non-athletes (Cox, 1998). This showed that being an athletes give more benefit than non-athletes. As been stated above, it showed that sport participation are a lot give benefit to the student that involved in sport. Sport makes them healthier, more independent, gives motivation to them during the class and their training by Seaton etal (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001). Besides, sport participation are also make the student more discipline, hard working ethics and more focus in class and in their training by Seaton etal (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001). Moreover, sport participation give a good personality of the student where the student will increase their self-confidence, develop positive attitude and able to think professionally by Seaton (1965), Durojaie (1976), and John and Campbell (2001).

Monday, January 20, 2020

Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers

As people flip through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least two different professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the same thing about professional wrestling, in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn’t I? After watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A prime example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play... Defending Pro-wrestling Essay example -- essays research papers As people flip through the channels on Monday nights they pass over at least two different professional wrestling shows. When people notice the wrestling the most common thing for them to do is to keep flipping the channels. Why? Because the common view of professional wrestling is that it is not real and it is stupid. Two years ago I thought the same thing about professional wrestling, in fact I refused to watch it. During the summer of my junior year in high school my boyfriend and I made a deal - he would watch The Little Mermaid with me if I would watch wrestling, so I agreed. We watched wrestling first and to my surprise it was not as bad as I thought. There are actual story lines that go on through the whole show,just like a soap opera such as General Hospital. The wrestlers I saw were amazing they were so muscular and talented. I was in shock because I thought that I hated wrestling more than anything...didn’t I? After watching it a few more times I became hooked and I have since learned all about wrestling and what a truly great sport it is. People assume that wrestlers are just faking all the moves they perform ,and that they really are not that strong. After watching wrestling for so long I have learned a lot about the wrestlers and their backgrounds. Many of the professional wrestlers played high school and college football. A prime example of this is my favorite wrestler The Rock, he played football for the Miami Hurricanes and was an All-American play...

Sunday, January 12, 2020

‘Of Mice and Men’ By John Steinbeck Essay

‘Of Mice and Men’-By John Steinbeck is a story involving two very different main Characters-George Milton and Lennie Small, who are trudging difficulty through life with a dream to someday own their own ranch. One of the main themes over the course of the novel is loneliness, and this is quickly introduced within the first chapter or two, as well as giving us an insight as to what life was like during the depression (1929-1938). As Lennie is very simple minded, he is always getting into trouble, and at once point Lennie and George found themselves fleeing from their old working situation in Weed. They later find themselves work on another ranch, where we meet many other characters living similar lives full of unhappiness and despair. We meet the old swamper- Candy, who has only one working hand after getting one caught in a machine. It is here that we begin to get an idea of the lonely life Candy leads, considering he only has one companion- his dog, which was later put out of its misery by another ranch worker who saw it as unfit and a nuisance to itself. Another example of an unhappy character is the stable buck- Crooks. Crooks falls victim to racial discrimination and finds himself living in almost complete solitude because he is black. It seems as though Crooks will always lead a terrible and hopeless life because of the little to no respect or acknowledgement that the other ranch workers give him. The only way Crooks could make companion would be to find another black person, which does not seem very likely. Years of disrespect and neglect from those around him have turned Crooks into a mean and insecure man with absolutely no rights whatsoever! However, he retreats to his reading and his work, looking after the horses. Crook’s does also play horse-shoes, which the men praise him for as he was very skilled in the game. Furthermore, the wife of the boss’s son- known only as ‘Curley’s Wife,’ experiences sexual discrimination. She lives on a ranch where the majority of the people of the people are males, with nothing to do but play records or wander about the ranch looking for somebody to talk to. We learn how Curley’s Wife is trapped in a loveless marriage and how dreams that she could have made much more of herself by perusing her career as an actress had she have not married Curley. In the novel she is not given a name and this shows readers just how insignificant she is to Curley, as well as the other ranch workers. Most of the characters experience some type of prejudice at some point throughout the novel. The only person to really seem happy with the way their life is going si Slim- who is looked up to bye everyone working at the ranch including Curley. Curley’s wife, Crooks and Candy are all lonely with no real friendships with anybody. Although it may seem George and Lennie are unhappy or angry, they are never lonely because they have each other. The thought of someday owning their own ranch pushes them to keep working in such poor conditions, earning only $50 a month! I felt sorry for most of the characters (excluding Curley) as they did not have much to show for the lives they have lived so far with little or no chance of marriage, or remarriage. During this novel, readers experience such themes as racism, prejudice, and discrimination, as well as learning just how lonely and hopeless life seems without having any friends or companions.

Friday, January 3, 2020

Analysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale Essay

Psychological criticism has roots as far back as the fourth century BC, when Aristotle â€Å"commented on the effects of tragedy on an audience, saying hat by evoking pity and fear, tragedy creates a cathartic of those emotions† (Dobie 54). More recently, however, psychological criticism has been shaped and influenced by the work of Sigmund Freud. He developed theories concerning â€Å"the workings of the human psyche, its formations, its organization, and its maladies† that, while further refined by other theorists, are still the basis of the modern approach to literary criticism (Dobie 54). Freud’s theory of the tripartite psyche is used to classify and define the conscious and unconscious mind into the id, ego, and superego. When examined using this theory, Margaret Atwood’s The Handmaid’s Tale, a dystopian novel about a patriarchal totalitarian government that has replaced the United States of America, is particularly interesting. The story’s protagonist and narrator is a woman referred to as Offred, who lives in the fairly new Republic of Gilead which has taken the place of the United States. She is what is known as a Handmaid; alarmingly low reproductive rates led to young women whom are able to reproduce being assigned to well-off couples who are infertile. Essentially they are sex slaves being used for their uteruses. These women are generally not willing or believers in the new regime or in their new roles in society -- they are given the choice between beingShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaids Tale 1405 Words   |  6 Pageshave witnessed the corruption of governments before even if we didn’t even realize it. From communism to democracy, world wars to civil wars, genocides to religious upraises, government involvement has always been silently exalted. In Margaret Atwood’s ‘The Handmaids Tale’, we see the fear of the Gileadian society caused b y a rà ©gime government who practices its inhumane beliefs through everyday life in Gilead. The uses of military corruption, fear, and oppression are things that describe the everydayRead MoreAnalysis Of The Handmaid s Tale By Margaret Atwood1401 Words   |  6 Pagesand psychologists, but surprisingly, a writer - Margaret Atwood has successfully described if not answer the issue of independence and passivity in The Handmaid’s Tale. A dystopian novel set in the post-apocalyptic America now so-called Republic of Gilead, a totalitarian government. With the critically low reproduction rates due to biological warfare, the Handmaids are allocated to give births within the oppressive regime. The story of the Handmaids has clarified the definition of freewill and independenceRead MoreAnalysis Of Margaret Atwood s The Handmaid s Tale847 Words   |  4 Pagesincessant restrictions are for their own good. 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Gender is a social construct that limits the individua l to the restrictions and traditions of a society, or if it’s an individuallyRead MoreThe Reconstruction Of Power By Margaret Atwood943 Words   |  4 PagesHaley Hollimon LTC Bozeman EN 102, L19 3 February 2015 The Reconstruction of Power Throughout The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood utilizes various elements of fiction to develop and question the concept of power and control in the patriarchal society of Gilead. Offred, the main Handmaid, is the instrument of which Atwood delivers her message about corruption and power. Offred’s vague diction, unreliable characterization, and erratic tone illustrate the distress of this transitional society (Abcarian